Elementary education 1833-1870 Essay Example for Free

Elementary education 1833-1870 EssayWhat was the role of the government in developing Elementary Education 1833-1870? 1. Why did the government play little role in education before the nineteenth century? Government cont terminate little role in education prior to the nineteenth century because of many reasons, one of them being Laissez faire. Laissez faire was the philosophy of the government that it was not their role to bushel hold snarled in the lives of the people.Edward Baines wrote about the state of education in 1846 and said it is not the duty of the government to feed the peoplethese are things that the people can and ought to do themselves some feeling this was the way God wanted things to be. Other felt that the fittest and richest could survive the idea did nothing for the distressing. One of the only things government was willing to get involved in was defending the country. Money was some other motive why the government played little role. The government di dnt want to spend money on educating the poor, they would much rather spend their money on the royal stables and the military.On Samuel Whitbreads Bill this topic was discussed It would burden the country with a most enormous expense. non only did they not want to put money towards education scarcely in addition it was going to be a very expensive project, which they thought could be done without. Samuel Whitbread argued that more(prenominal) education was essential and that raises money was the way forward when he stood up to the government, but the House of Lords rejected his Bill. The Class system was another thing that was preventing the government from contributing money towards education.Everyone knew his or her place in society so for the poor to read write and be educated would become them more intelligent and mess up the The Great Chain of Being this was another name for the social structure at the time. The chain of being was compose about once by a Bishop in 1720 a nd he said God so orders it that we always confuse some Poor among us from this the The smashing chain of being had come about. The Government simply didnt see the need for change.There were already Sunday Schools and Dame Schools available for the poor, which were supplied by the church and individuals As far as education was concerned, the government was content reading this its seems as if the government couldnt be bothered to improve if there was nothing wrong with how things were currently going. This reminds me of the old saying why fix it, if its not broken. Revolutionary ideas were also something that was considered to be a threat if the poor were to be educated.If they were taught to read then(prenominal) they would be able to understand and read Anti-Christian books and stories about revolutions in other countries such as France. This was also discussed in the Debate on Samuel Whitbreads Bill, It would enable them to read malign books, and publications against Christi anity religion was very strong at this time and to disrupt it could have lead to social unrest. Revolting against how they feel they stand in society would pull back them insolent to their superiors this was also talked about on Samuel Whitbreads Bill.Parents of poor children didnt want their children to go to school and learn, because they wanted them to work and earn money. This was the traditional way of life for the poor people and most of them were keen to stick with it. They worked on farms and in mines. However if the parents were to numerate at the benefits of educating their children they would see that with an education they could get reveal jobs and earn more money. Even though it would have taken time it still would have been the more intelligent choice, but as they were not educated themselves they never thought of it that way.2. Why did the government become involved in developing elementary education for all during the nineteenth century? Government eventually had to become involved in developing elementary education. The increasing population meant that schools could not cope with the large amounts of pupils, so more schools were built to accommodate the demands of numbers. The large numbers of pupils also meant that more teachers were call for and to employ more teachers money was needed, so without the help and money from the government education would have gone nowhere.Not only would they have needed more teachers but also they would need bigger schools to have room for the large increase of pupils. The poor people could no longer look after themselves, so the government had to step in. They may have been struggling because the higher classes were sending their children to school so they would have had a tremendous advantage over the poor and uneducated children when they both contest for work, as they got older. A link the raising population had with the changes outside education is firstly the 1832 Great right conduct.For the first time the large new industrial towns were able to elect MPs, most of these MPs were keen on cleaning up the towns. In the end the combined effects of the Reform Act and the cholera epidemic of 1832 made the living conditions in all towns a major political issue. An education was needed for people to be able to operate the machines. Due to these demands the scope of education was widened to include the children of more ordinary men and women. Better-educated clerks and crafts people were needed to produce advance goods to increase the countries economy with trade.Better-educated workers were wanted the coming(prenominal) of workers education took a big step forward with the Factory Act of 1833. This Act laid down that either factory child should receive two hours schooling a day. Other countries were educating their youth and were therefore were ahead of Britain in that department, so to avoid embarrassment and bear on up to date the government decided it was time to teach the you nger generation. This was a very important time for the country because they realised that the children are the future and educating them would be so much better for the government.This would be because to have more educated workers in the future would mean people doing and understanding their jobs better. If countries got ahead of Britain then they would have more knowledge, to stop this the government introduced an education Bill, this was read from it If we leave our workfolk unskilled, they will become over-matched in the competition of the world by W. E Forster. more(prenominal) money was coming in from the countrys trade and empire. This meant that more money could and was put forward towards education for the poor. Most of the money from the trade came from the industrial revolution.This was mainly thank to the trade that merchants did with Australia and other countries. Another thing that played a key part in the great income was the Railway industry. This was very quickly becoming a national system and brought in great loads of money. A link with more money coming in from education was that more money could be spent on defence. This was very helpful because if Britain were to go to war we would have hopefully have been well off. Poor people were given the chance to vote, but they needed some knowledge of who to vote for and why.If they knew what things they wanted from the government, then they could have a rough idea of who shares the same thoughts and ambition as them for the running of the country. They needed to know who to vote for because if that person won he would run the country, so they are voting for a very important matter. In the reform Act of 1867 most working class men were giving the chance to vote. This was very important link outside education because with educated voters the country has a better chance of a good and well presented Prime Minister.

Media Use in Identity Construction Essay Example for Free

Media Use in Identity Construction EssayIn society today the construction of a personal individualism can be seen to be somewhat problematic and difficult. Young people are surrounded by influential imagery, especially that of popular media. It is no longer possible for an individuality to be constructed merely in a small community and only be influenced by family. Nowadays, arguably everything concerning out lives is seen to be media-saturated.Therefore, it is obvious that in constructing an identity one-year-old people would make use of imagery derived from the popular media. For example, it is becoming increasingly common for young children to have their own television and music systems in their bedrooms whilst also having easy and frequent access to magazines especially aimed at the developing child and/or teenager. Such young people would also have a way of accessing the Internet be it at school or sometimes at home.However, it is fair to say that in some instances the f reedom of exploring the web could be limited depending on the choice of the parents or teachers. So, if young people have such frequent access and an interest in the media, it is fair to say that their demeanour and their sense of self will be influenced to some degree by what they see, read, hear or discover for themselves. Such an influence may include a particular way of behaving or dressing to the kind of music a person chooses to listen to.These are all aspects which go towards constructing a persons own personal identity. By close investigation into the popular media, and by using two specific examples of a popular teen magazine and a recent teenage hit single that got to number 2 in the British charts, I intend to illustrate the various ways in which young people make use of imagery derived from popular media in the construction of their identities.

The Globalisation Of The Rastafari Cultural Studies Essay

The Globalisation Of The Rastafari Cultural Studies EssayGlobalization of Rastafari is a highly rich historical and ethnographic work exploring Rastafarian from its origin in the early twentieth century to the world today. The book analyses the political, ethnic, spiritual, geographical, political, sociological and psychological aspects of globalization on the rastafari movement, and provides a cargonfully weighed and richly illustrated appraisal of the benefits and ills that have flowed from globalization as well as suggestions for steering it towards more(prenominal) positive outcomes in the future. It highlights the pursuit for change among an oppressed people and how they settled in other countries. This literary work serves to show how the Rastafarian movement created their own dogmatic ideology.The articles in the book focus most particularly on the latter(prenominal) two concerns first, how does the global context of Rastafari affect the dynamics of the movement and the for ms the movement takes? Second, how do we understand the potential impact of Rastafari on the larger world when we watch it in a global light?1As we link the inception of the Rastafarian movement in the 1930s to todays time, it can be implied that they are windlessness trying to get global recognition of their unique syncretic morality. There is lock away a struggle even now to regain their African hereditary pattern and cultural identity and ideologically distance themselves from what many perceive to be the misguided and unjust societies in which they live.2The first chapter seeks to give an overview of the general content of the battle array of articles that were used to create this literary work. R.C. Slater with his methodology gives us a very lucid explanation of the term Globalization as relates to the Caribbean and the wider world. He shows that since the time of Columbus, the population of the Caribbean has been a truly global population, comprised of Africans, Asians , Native Americans and Europeans.3He postulates that Rastafari is a syncretic religion derived from Christian and African sources continues to expand globally via remote missionaries and as rememberrs participate in a new Diaspora in search of work and livelihood. Not only do these religions spread religious ideas and practices, but they in addition have become sources of inspiration for art, literature and music around the world.He introduces the term Babylon, which can be explicitly traced to Marcus Garveys teachings, which liken the Afro-Caribs in the West to the Jews Exile into Babylon. The trigger of slavery created tremendous suffering for those that were enslaved in both of these cases. The term Babylon is used in Rasta terms with much negative connotations. It is something that they are radically opposed to. Corruption, politics, police, laws, and cities are often referred to as Babylon4In chapter two, Richard Slater seeks in defining Who are the Rastafari? stating the negative connotation that the world at large may label them. He writes that despite the many and confusing answers to the question, it is undeniable that people who identify themselves as Rastafari exist. He stresses the difficulty in defining Rastafari and states, I do not believe it is possible to present an all-encompassing definition of Rastafari, but a workable minimum characterization of it will be helpful. My focus here will be on Rastafari I-consciousness as an element of the movement.5He goes on to show how this I indicator relates to the Rastafari identity and that the central features of Rastafari are not necessarily found in either beliefs or practices, but a set of unorthodox religious practices when compared to completed religions.He further mentions that at that place are major differences in the Rastafi heart belief system with respect to Leonard Barretts six tenets of Rastafarian beliefs. He writes, I met many people who identified themselves as Rastafari, but wh o did not acclaim Haile Selassie to be the living god, others considers Selassie to have been a corrupt sham.6 and withal , no Rasta whom I have ever met would claim that it is by virtue of smoking ganja that unmatched is a Rasta. In fact, if iodin is reliant on ganja if one cannot exist without it one certainly has been trapped by Babylon.In chapter four, Slater interviews Mutabaruka, who is a DJ for Jamaicas IRIE FM radio station, a poet and some consider him as an international emissary of Rastafari. Matabaruka is very unorthodox in his beliefs, he openly states, As a matter of fact, you will hear purely negative things somewhat Jesus when you come to I. Because I and I dont have anything good to say about Jesus, because Jesus because Jesus became like the Devil.7Mutabaruka meticulously answers the questions put to him by Slater, and very candidly allude to the fact that the majority of Rastafari have deviated far from Rastafari true shopping centre and way of life.Mutabar uka attribute the spread of Rastafarism out of Jamaica is via the reggae music and that many reggae artists can only articulate Rastafari in the music but not outside the music. alike the culture of Rastafari can spread, can be identified with, can be lived true by anyone who identifies with oppression and anyone who feels disenfranchised by the colonial system or white supremacist system that maintains itself all over the world would gravitates towards Rastafari. Mutabaraka does not foresee Rastafari being decentralised from Jamaica due to globalization but rather he thinks Jamaica is virtually like Jerusalem when it comes to experiencing Rastafari. He argues that Rastafari is not a religion but its a way of life.In chapter five, the article by Jan DeCosmo explores the shape Rastafari identity has interpreted in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from its introduction through reggae music and its revaluation of African heritage, to its ambivalent relationship to Afro-Bahian spirituality.8D eCosmo shows that amidst the racial discrimination that Afro-Brazilians face in line with poverty, oppression, and social injustice, they still manage to keep alive their Rastafarian culture via the reggae music. Such poverty, constructed on the shoulders of a colonial and racist history, and supported by continuing legacies of that colonial and racist history, is one context in which Bahias Rastafari community has arisen to resist oppression, to call for justice, and to revalorize Bahias black African heritage.9DeCosmo writes that some of the Rastafarians she interviewed were proud of having rejected the globalized world, or what they call Babylon and replace it with a divine order, an order of spirit, of love, of African roots. As such, Rastafari identity continues to be linked with cultural resistance and a desire to radically change the world.DeCosmo further writes that there are differences between Bahian and Jamaican Rastafari. gum olibanum, there are two differences between Bahian Rastafari and Jamaican Rastafari that deserve attention. First, among Bahian Rastafari there is much less emphasis placed on physical repatriation to Africa than in ideal typical Jamaican Rastafari especially in its early stages. Second, Bahian history has given Rastafari there a special relationship to the religion and culture of the orixas.10With respect of the connation globalization of the Rastafari as it applies to Bahian Rastafari, we observe the prevalence of distinctly African cultural practices in Bahia. One of the interesting differences between orthodox Rastafari and cultural Rastafari is the different levels of tolerance each has for the religion and culture of the orixas. Unlike cultural Rastafari, the orthodox stand opposed to indigenous forms of Afro- Bahian religion and culture, such as Candombl and Carnival. Thus the globalized Rastafari in Bahia is far from being achieved since each group see their roots in a distinctively different location.In chapter seven Michael Barnett explores from a Jamaican diasporic perspective, the impact that the migration of Jamaicans to England, the United States and Canada has had on the globalization of the Rastafari movement.Barnett gives a clear picture of the reality that the Jamaicans faced when they migrated to England as recruits to help to rebuild England and its economy after the bleakness it suffered during World War II. They were to be given the opportunity to improve and develop their social and economic life but they were greatly deceived. As Barnett writes, There were in fact no institutions established in England to welcome and process the Jamaican newcomers. As a result Jamaicans had to learn to cope on their own in their new home, against a background of racial discrimination and prejudice. Notting agglomerate, West London was the scene of major race riots in England and gave birth to the now famous Notting Hill Carnival.11It is said that this incident gave birth to the Rastafari moveme nt in England in 1950s. Black power movements soon developed over the next few years where we adage many Black power leaders emerged and some were imprisoned for inciting racial hatred after making what were considered inflammatory speeches to their audiences. After years of struggle, reggae had experienced its definitive breakthrough into the mainstream pop culture of England mainly due to effective marketing of Bob Marleys music. The popularity of reggae music during the seventies served to secularize the Rastafari movement, with many youths embracing the political, social and cultural message of Rastafari, and not necessarily the religious beliefs of the movement.With respect to Rastafari groups in Canada,during the late sixties the Civil Rights struggle in the USA spread across to Canadian Blacks This helped to fuel the growth of the Rastafari movement. Rasta was seen as a bizarre cult and faced the same hardship as was in England. Two distinct Rastafari group emerged,the more p olitically oriented Rasta tended to participate in the general struggles of the Black community while those Rasta more steeped in religiosity tended to remain as mere spectators on the sidelines.In the USA, the presence of the Rastafari movement is due to Caribbean migration. The Jamaicans have infiltrated the USA whereby in Brooklyn in New York is frequently referred to as Little Jamaica. They are well established having regular reggae concerts and setting up clothing and record stores. And similarly to the other countries, the Rasta is seen as criminals, thugs etc.Barnett ends his article by mentioning two Rastafari services, Nyahbinghi Rastafari binghi and the Boboshante binghi. At the Nyahbinghi Rastafari binghi, the core of the military action was significantly at the Tabernacle where the drummers pounded away incessantly but rhythmically, lulling much of the crowd into a semi-hypnotic trance. The air was thick with the smell of ganja,and just in take care of the tabernacle a group of brethren smoked their spliffs as they observed the proceedings. At the Boboshanti ceremony, they read Psalms from the bible, whereupon after every verse or so, everyone would say, Holy Emmanuel I, Selassie I, Jah Rastafari with the bread and butter of drums. Barnett commended the Binghis at both mansions for their authenticity and their Jamaican-ness., and it is fair to say that one could not tell that one was not in Jamaica.The exposition and general discussion throughout the book have established and did justice to the term, Globalization. We can clearly get an insight into how the Rastafarian movement has managed to extend its reach and influence throughout the Caribbean, from England to Zimbabwe and also as far north as Canada and as far south as Brazil and South Africa.The book is well worth the price and I strongly recommend this book to anyone desirous of getting a deep insight into the historical development from early stages to modern times of the Rastafari and t heir struggle through racism, labelling, oppression and all such negative conations. The book clears any misconception that one may have about their rituals, beliefs, culture and most of all their music, reggae, which seems to be the one thing that formulates this whole idea of a globalized Rastafari.

Media Essays Music Industry Work

Media Essays Music Industry WorkMusic Industry WorkAnalyse changes in technology and global communication that meet revitalised the medication industry in the past ten years. Your account should concentrate on cultural and promotional aspects rather than an analysis of the medication. How might you befool these innovations to your own field of exploit?The last decade has witnessed a period of rapid change in technology and global communication. In music, the Ipod has changed the way we taint and swap music. I tunes has just sell its billionth song. The rise of the Arctic Monkeys is almost directly attributable to the net and sites like MySpace, where teens behind spread trends in an instant. All this is happening while many traditional channels struggle to keep pace.When the Arctic Monkeys hit number unrivalled, the newspapers were left saying where did they come from? The intravenous feeding big companies that dominate the production and distribution of music, Universal, Sony, BMG, Warner and EMI, withstand been slow to embrace the internet, which has seemed to them not an opportunity but their nemesis.Rather than putting their product on file-sharing applications, they are prosecuting free-download users for theft, but now they are left with no opportunity but to welcome the digital age ahead.All it takes to get the music you most chouse is to find a website such as Rhapsody, Itunes Store, Urge, Rapster, or any one of what is probably a thousand such, download, and transfer to an MP3 seeer. Hours and hours of portable music, and unless you want to, you never deplete to listen to two songs by the same group. A wonderful innovation for the music loving public, The Kinks are still being worked out by the music industry. But one thing is clear. The Digital Music age is here to stay.Over the last ten years album sales have been in freefall all over the world. The 10% drop in the UK over the past year is dwarfed by a 15% slide in the US, 25% in Fra nce and 35% in Canada. The bankruptcy this summer of the CD retail chain Fopp, HMVs announcement that its profits halved in the first six months of this year and Richard Bransons recent decision to dump the Virgin Megastores, which have reportedly lost him more than 50m in 2007, are all evidence of the revitalization of the music industry.The allude isnt just that stack are buying fewer CDs they are paying as much as two-thirds less in real ground today for the music they listen to on their iPods than they used to when the compact disc first took over the market. Twenty years past a chart CD cost close 14. Today you can buy the same in a super-market for 9. The online market may have grown recently, but not passable to fix the hole. Here, too, margins have shrunk. A download of a single track now costs 79p against the 4 a CD single cost in 1999. The impact on the bottom line of the record labels has been catastrophic.When EMIs subsidiary Virgin put out the Spice Girls debut al bum in 1996 the confederation cleared roughly 5 in profit on each copy sold. That margin has since shrivelled to around 2, and only then for albums that are substantial hits. Industry insiders estimate that only one of the new British acts that became popular in 2007, the pop star Mika, impart actually make his record ships company any money.When the private equity firm Terra Firma bought EMI recently it paid about a third, in real terms, what the company nearly fetched 10 years ago when a sale to its competitor Universal was mooted. That decline mirrors what has happened over thesame period to the retail price of new CDs, and it also reflects the scale of the cull ofEMIs workforce, which has shrunk in 10 years from more than 10,000 worldwide to about 4,000 today. There are no obvious solutions in sight. In America the recently appointed co-chairman of the capital of South Carolina label Rick Rubin, formerly a record producer by trade, has spoken of his ambition to turn the compa ny around by refocusing it on the lines of a cable TV fear, making Columbias entire catalogue downloadable to customers who pay a monthly subsc linetion.The reprioritisation in recent years of eff music over the recorded variety has been dramatic. Attendance at arena shows rose here by 11% last year. By the time 2007 bows out, 450 music festivals will have taken place in the UK. Ticket-master reported that 20,000 tickets for the Spice Girls first reunion concert at Londons O2 arena in December sold out in 38 seconds, with 1m fans registering to buy. more than a million clamoured for seats at the forthcoming Led Zeppelin reunion.Glastonbury disposed of its 135,000 weekend passes for this years event within two hours, taking more than 21m in the process. Ticket prices, especially for A-list workmans, have soared as the price of CDs has tumbled. You could have bought bloody shames entire catalogue for less than half what it cost to see her perform at Wembley Arena last summer where the best seats in the house went for 160.CDs are almost a thing of the past. With more more people downloading and sharing MP3s, both legally and illegally i.e. Limewire, the music transcription business is faced with a huge problem. Technology has advanced far quicker than the Music Industrys ability to change and keep a viable business model.Downloading of MP3s illegally has caused such a massive drop in sales that the music business in general is at a loss to provide a solution, and thus is failing. In my opinion, to suggest CDs are almost redundant is not unreasonable. The marketing source and speed of the Internet now means users are aware of the product long before the record label is promoting it locally and nationally.With the connection speed of wideband Internet, users can have almost any desired song in seconds (and if prepared to break the law, for free). I cant see the music business trying to fight this lawsuit of technology for much longer, as file sharing is not actually an illegal activity, as no cash is exchanging hands.already deals are being announced to allow users to legitimately download songs and for a fraction of the cost of a CD single. Recording labels will have to rifle to offer subscription services, or small download fees per single in order to quell the hugeamount of customers currently downloading for free.The roots of the Rip, burn and mix (RBM) culture have been evolution for a long time now. The RBM culture represents a powerful change to the business world as a whole and to the music industry in particular. The change in delivery method is at the heart of the RBM culture. To begin with it can be described from the music industrys standpoint.Now consumers have much more control, and because of each individuals ability to rip or copy, burn or produce, and mix or change music, the term consumer fails to get down the essence of the users involvement. As is apparent to everyone, this has thrown the traditional music indust ry on its head. In retaliation, there are battles being waged against people who have accepted the changes, the traditional consumers. Of course, as has been well documented, these battles are being fought with copyright laws that have failed to accept great change since the explosion in popularity of the internet.Questions about how this affects the individual mechanics and bands who rely on selling their music for an income must be addressed. First, within this culture there is still the possibility to sell records based on the traditional methods. The RBM culture has had a great deal of influence in this area of style as well. It can be viewed as a type of fusion. Everyone now has the opportunity to take what they want from a culture and fuse it with their own culture, which to many is what creativity is. Rap music is a definite physical exercise of RBM culture in music.An artist may take a track from another song, mix it with their own work and then produce it as a new style o f music. Without conscious effort, millions of people have already accepted this culture and moved towards the empowerment of the individual artist. It is especially apparent in the popularity of collaborations among artists. Artists each bring their own work to the studio or stage and seek to mix, burn or create an entirely different piece of music.A closer look at the music industry from the perspective of a RBM culture reveals that the principles which are at the base of the culture are not revolutionary. However, technology has changed the scale on which these principles can be implemented, thus giving birth to the RBM culture and the vast consequences it has for the music industry.There are many unique ideas on how music should be shared and subsequently handled. An artist listed under the simple Sampling License allows the user to manipulate and change the music for their own or commercial use however, entering it on a file-sharing network is prohibited. The Sampling-Plus Lic ense works in basically the same way except the music can be entered on a file-sharing network.The rip, burn and mix culture coincides with many other changes in the way people forecast about purchases and commercial entities. The ClueTrain manifesto is a series of essays that deals with changes in consumer behaviour because of the Web. The Manifesto discusses ideas that need to change in the business world due to the changes in consumer behaviour. People now conduct to try before they buy and buy only what they want to buy.Requiring the customer to buy fifteen songs when they only want one has become unacceptable Furthermore, the check variety of music that a company has to offer is unacceptable. With such easy access to seemingly endless variety, the old music industry lost one of its key competitive advantages. To be fair the industry is starting to recognize the need for digital music and has been quite successful operating with Apples iTunes technology. It may be too little too late but it has stemmed the tide of change for the large media companies to an extent.With all these changes taking place, it is interesting to anticipate about the path of the next musical superstar or if there will even be such a concept. Everyone having access to a private computer means that everyone is eligible to do their own recording, publishing, distributing and venue booking. Even with all this technology, a live show is still a unique sense that can only be captured by physical attendance. Excellent artists will still be sought out to play live music which will allow them to sell their products to support themselves.This process is very important even in the new music industry where everyone can be heard. The reason for its magnificence is the fact that a live band can carve out its own niche using the extremely effective word of mouth advertising. Unless the consumer knows an artist exists it can be extremely difficult for a consumer to find and hear that artist among all the other choices. Live touring would still be an effective ordinary for a band whose quest is to reach a certain degree of fame. However, there is also the possibility for a band or individual artist whose sole medium is the web.Video and audio technology could be combined to produce a virtual stage for the artist to perform over the internet a distinctly new technology artist. This could take many different forms but, again, it takes advantage of the increased scope of the artist. The artist has the great opportunity to perform around over the web, satisfying both the fan and the musician.The Web will also act as a tool between the musician and the fan. An increase in interaction between the two might birth a new form of musical partnership. The fan might have an idea or a poem that they want made into music. Certain artist may be interested in catering to this desire to have ones work made into music. Without a doubt, fans have been able to interact and learn more abo ut their favourite bands because of the web. Websites would then act as virtual clearing houses by matching song writers with those who play music but are not interested in writing their own.One interesting idea that someone works in the industry could consider is that labels may only be willing to pay the artist to produce one or two songs for air play and sale.The Rip, Burn and Mix culture may be the end of the traditional album as it has been. If songs are available for free or are sold separately for a dollar, the experience of listening to a number of songs as a coherent work will be lost. But the artists may adjust to this new culture and change the way in which they exhalation their music. Rather than one album with twelve songs on it released at one time, the artist could release one song each month for a year. This method could stimulate interest from fans as a continual stream of music over time.ReferencesI tunes- http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes, http//itunes.comEMI g roup 2006, statistics and figures http//www.emigroup.comWaters, D., 2003. Music industry slow to change available http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3019948.stmGordon, G., 2007, Effects of technology on the music industry, 2007 WC work Management Senior Capstone Experience, available http//dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/2694Music industry forced to warm to Arctic Monkeys, 2007, Unlocking digital music, Oxford Journals ,Volume 49, Number 4, Pp. 14-16http//www.mad.co.uk/Main/Home/Articlex/5897d0927dea4, unratified mp3 downloadshttp//www.limewire.comDigital Music Report 2006 Facts Figures 2006 available http//www.ifpi.co.uk/content/section_news/DMR-2006-b.htmlRegan, K., 2007, EMI Revenue Falls but DRM-Free iTunes Sales Promising, E-Commerce Times, availablehttp//www.ecommercetimes.com/story/entertainment/58684.htmlWhy do they think they have it figured out now?200,http//www.futureofmusicbook.com/Honan, M., 2001, Rip. Mix. Burn. Steal? Does Using Your Mac to Burn Your Own A udio CDs Make You a Thief? http//www.macworld.com/2001/10/macbeat/rip/

Role of Institutions in Policy Making

Role of Institutions in Policy MakingINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is to explore the fictitious character of institutions in influencing insurance insurance polity outcomes. first off part of the paper provides a brief introduction to the study of institutions in political science. This is followed by description of factors influencing policy outcomes. Final part of the paper looks at the limitations of institutions, which pose additional constraints on policy outcomes.INSTITUTIONS IN POLITICAL SCIENCEThe study of institutions is central to the subject matter of political science and, to an even great extent, public administration. According to L sufferdes (1996181), focus upon institutional arrangements for the delivery of public services is broadly speaking held to be defining of the sub-discipline of public administration. March and Olsen (1984) argue that social, political, and economical institutions agnize believe recently become larger, more complex and resou rceful, and therefore more important to collective life. According to them, attention to political institutions has increase in the belles-lettres on legislatures, budgets, public policymaking, local goernment and political elites. According to Scharpf (1989), much of comparative political science research may be characterised as an start out to explain and predict the work of political institutions on the choice of public policy.INFLUENCING POLICY OUTCOMESSETTING NORMS IN DECISION MAKINGMarch and Olsen (1984,1989) see institutions as providing order in political life. Institutions increase capability by reducing comprehensiveness. Institutions express norms of decision-making and behaviour, providing a logic of appropriateness. Rules produce variation and deviation as surface as conformity and standardisation. Institutions generally change in an incremental way through with(predicate) responding to environmental signals.AFFECTING POLICY OUTCOMESInstitutions atomic number 18 very much seen as plant of factors affecting the interactions between policy actors and hence the greater or lesser capacity of policy-making systems to adopt and implement effective responses to policy problems (Scharpf 2000764). According to Gorges (2001), the European Commission and early(a) EC institutions played a significant role in social policy-making. The European Commission sought to increase both its policy domain and its legitimacy, continually insisting that it would not abdicate its power to initiate policy. Although it is actors that are the proximate causes of policy responses, institutional conditions, to the extent that they are able to operate actor choices, are seen as remote causes. Actors are strongly influenced by the institutional rules to which they owe their existence and by institutional and cultural norms that square up the criteria of their mastery or failure (Scharpf 2000). According to Scharpf (2000770), in sociological institutionalism, institu tions are defined very broadly so as to include not only externally imposed and sanctioned rules but also unquestioned routines and standard operating procedures and, more important, socially constructed and culturally taken-for-granted worldviews and shared normative notions of appropriateness. In that view, therefore, institutions entrust define not only what actors can do but also their perceptions and preferencesand thus what they will want to do. Institutions constrain, but do not completely stop, policy choices (Scharpf 1989). certain(a)(prenominal) policy options are unlikely to be chosen under certain institutional conditions. According to Scharpf (1989), policy choices are simultaneously influenced by at least(prenominal) four sets of factors, institutional, situational, preferential and perceptional.Institutional rules will affect policy by restricting options, constituting actor constellations, regulating their modes of interaction and by structuring the incentives of the participating actors (Scharpf 2000). Institutions are lofty substantive prohibitions to policy outcomes. Countries disagree in the range of institutionally allowable policy options and there is an increasing tightness of international legal constraints. For example, the power of governments to determine wages and working time was routinely exercised by most countries but is ruled out in Germany. Moreover, the tight control of capital transfers and the highly discriminatory regulation of credit markets that facilitated the success of macroeconomic full-employment strategies in Sweden until the mid-1980s would now be ruled out by EU directives liberalising capital markets and financial services. The rules of negative integration, in cross European competition law, rich person become a major constraint on all economic policy options that could be construed as inhibiting or distorting free competition in the markets of EU member states. Institutional rules also define the c onstellations of actors that may participate in the adoption and implementation of policy responses and their permissible modes of interaction, which could be classified as mutual adjustment, negotiated agreement, voting, or hierarchical direction. Although most policy choices result from multi-actor interactions, some countries whose political institutions approximate the ideal Westminster model have the option of treating any major policy problem in a single- actor constellation. Here, all relevant policy choices are potentially determined by the preferences and perceptions prevailing in a unified action center. Hierarchical direction becomes an institutionally available mode of interaction, as exemplified in Britain, New Zealand, and possibly France. In rational-choice institutionalism, incentives are defined by reference to the self-interest of the corporate and collective actors involved in the policy process, for example, governments, political parties, central banks, labor u nions, their subunits, or the individuals playing for them. In single-actor systems, the incentives that have the most direct effect on policy choices are constituted by the mechanisms of political accountability. In multi-actor systems, accountability is weakened and policy outcomes are more affected by incentives favoring cooperation or conflict between the veto actors.CRITICAL JUNCTURES AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYSIkenberry (1994) characterises political development as involving critical junctures and developmental pathways. According to the first principle, different founding moments of institutional formation send countries along broadly different developmental paths. The second principle suggests that institutions continue to adopt in response to changing environmental conditions and ongoing political maneuvering but in ways that are cumber by past trajectories. According to Thelen (1999), where state-builders approach geopolitical competition early, they were forced into gr eater concessions to the financiers, merchants, and administrators who financed and staffed the bureaucracy, resulting in patrimonial systems. Where rulers confronted geopolitical pressures later, they found themselves in a quite different world, where developments in education and finance made these side payments unnecessary, resulting in greater bureaucratic autonomy. Over time, some avenues of policy become increasingly blocked, if not entirely cut off, as decisions at one point in time can restrict future possibilities by sending policy off onto particular tracks (Thelen 1999).DIFFERENT THEORETICAL APPROACHESAlthough it is generally accepted that challenges to which policy actors may have to respond are influenced by the institutional setting, the predominate strands of current institutionalist theorising, rational-choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism, differ in their conceptualisation of these influences (Scharpf 2000).LIMITATIONSInstitutions have limitati ons which have a significant effect on policy outcomes. These limitations are focus on structures and efficiency, focus on stability, political manipulation and policy networking. focal point ON STRUCTURES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCYIt has been argued that compliance with structures and practices much becomes more important than its actual efficacy (Lowndes 1996). According to DiMaggio and Po soundly (1991), it is the demand for similarity of structure and functioning, rather than for increased efficiency, that drives organisational change.According to Thelen (1999), the institutional approach begins with the observation that markets, embedded in political and social institutions, are the creation of governments and politics. The main purpose and effect of institutions are often seen as economising on fraction costs. Lowndes (1996186) describes institutions as efficient organisational frameworks, which arise to solve problems of complex economic exchange. The critics of the new instit utional economics, however, object to the proposal that a universal economic logic determines the choice of institutional systems, regardless of culture and circumstance or power and politics (Lowndes 1996).FOCUS ON STABILITY northeast (1990) stresses stability rather than efficiency as the economic rationale for institutions, arguing that technically inefficient institutions persist because they contribute to stability and harmony in interaction and because they are deeply embedded in culture and tradition. According to historical institutionalism, institutions do more than channel policy and structure political conflict. Thelen (1999) claims that institutions are socially constructed in the sense that they embody shared cultural understandings of the way the world works. This means that even when policy makers set out to redesign institutions, they are constrained in what they can conceive of by these embedded, cultural constraints. For example, the evolution of Japanese security policy shows how collectively held norms define appropriate conduct, shape actor identities, and influence actor interests, and in doing so, inform how political actors define what they want to accomplish (Thelen 1999). Pearson (2000) claims that path dependence can be used to explain the analysis of European party systems, labor incorporation in Latin America, the outcome of state-building processes in Europe, and the comparative development of health care systems.According to Thelen (1999), the problem with this approach is that dominant cultural norms emerge out of concrete political conflicts, in which different groups fight over which norms will prevail. Dominant policy paradigms can and do break of serve at times and organisational fields are often imposed by powerful actors. According to Stinchcombe (1997), it is legitimacy and not automaticity that explains why people follow scripts in the first place. Furthermore, the entrenchments of certain institutional arrangements obs truct an easy reversal of the initial choice (Pearson 2000). The conception of path dependence, in which preceding steps in a particular direction induce upgrade movement in the same direction, is well captured by the idea of increasing returns. In an increasing returns process, the probability of further steps along the same path increases with each move down that path because of the costs associated with exit or change. According to North (1990), institutions induce self-reinforcing processes that make reversals of course increasingly unattractive over time. This, according to Arthur (1994) leads to unpredictability, inflexibility, nonergodicity and potential path inefficiency.POLITICAL MANIPULATIONIn politics, institutional constraints are ubiquitous (Pierson 2000). administration involves struggles over the authority to establish, enforce and change the rules governing social action in a particular territory. According to Gorges (2001), the institutional change could be influe nced by strong and ideal incentives the policy entrepreneurs provide. Furthermore, change is most likely when there is an increase in the effectiveness of individuals seeking change and a decrease in the obstruct power of individuals whose interests are served by the current institutional arrangements. Institutions are not neutral coordinating mechanisms but in fact reflect, and also reproduce and magnify, particular patterns of power distribution in politics (Thelen 1999). Thus, political arrangements and policy feedbacks actively facilitate the organisation and empowerment of certain groups while actively disarticulating and marginalising others. Manipulated by utility-maximising politicians and bureaucrats, institutions quick over time. They come to serve the individual, private interests of officials and any conception of the public interest is lost (Lowndes 1996188). Public officials seek to augment their status and material through increases to budgets under their control, and utility-seeking politicians attempt to maximise votes by promising benefits and service enhancements, which results in waste and over-supply of government goods and services (Niskanen 1973). An alternative to the budget-maximising thesis is provided by bureau-shaping theory which accepts that bureaucrats are self-serving, but denies that they pursue a single course of utility-maximising action (Lowndes 1996). In rational-choice institutionalism, institutional rules are understood as external constraints and incentives structuring the purposeful choices of self-interested rational actors (Scharpf 2000). Thus, when certain actors are in a position to impose rules on others, the employment of power may be self-reinforcing (Pierson 2000). Actors may use political authority to take changes in both formal institutions and various public policies designed to enhance their power. Skocpol (1992) argues that institutional arrangements affect the capabilities of various groups to achieve self-consciousness, organise, and make alliances. For example, the fragmentation of the state, as well as the organisation of party competition along patronage lines, actively mediated against the development of a unified working class that could then spearhead the movement for comprehensive social policies in the United States. Scharpf (2000) does not agree with this notion, arguing that actor preferences have at least two dimensions individual and organisational self-interest on one hand and normative obligations and aspirations on the other.INSTITUTIONS AND THE POLICY NETWORKINGThe policy network approach is concerned with the institutionalisation of relations between governmental and non-governmental actors (Lowndes 1996). The concern is with actual institutional practices rather than with formal organisational arrangements. Jordan (1990) refers to an institution as an extra-constitutional policy-making arrangement between industries and clientelistic groups. Lowndes (1996) po ints to the traditionally fragmented structure of British government and the influential role played by interest groups in policy-making. In such(prenominal) environment, policy is made not by a unified government machine but by an assortment of actors, governmental and nongovernmental, linked together in more or less formal and coherent networks (Lowndes 1996190). Furthermore, institutions are embedded in networks of other institutions, and it is difficult to change one institution in a matrix because of this embeddedness. According to Lowndes (1996), policy networks routinise relationships, promoting continuity and stability. One example is the EU, where the European Commission has often granted access to, and attempted to institutionalise the participation of interest groups as a way of securing legitimacy for its proposals before presenting them to the Council of Ministers (Gorges 2001). The Commission has attempted to sustain and strain the Community political system by provid ing information to the social partners, forcing them to re-evaluate their interests and priorities, and supporting the development of a Community/Union system of interest intermediation by providing a forum for conflict resolution.The capacity for effective policy responses is affected not only by the quantity and quality but also by the diversity of policy-relevant information and analysis provided by an institutionalised information infrastructure (Scharpf 2000). Policy coordination in Austria, for example, was greatly facilitated by the fact that the government, the political parties, and the social partners relied on the analyses provided by a single economic research institute. In Germany, by contrast, unions and employers maintain separate research institutes, the federal government supports altogether six such institutes, the federal labor administration and the Bundesbank maintain large in-house research capacities, the independent Council of Economic Advisors relies on its own research staff, and the big commercial banks have their own macroeconomic research departments.The downside of the monopoly model is the risks of groupthink, or the failure to pay attention to observations, interpretations, and recommendations that do not conform to the dominant worldview (Scharpf 2000). This was arguably the case in Britain in the early 1970s, when policy makers in the treasury continued to rely on the Keynesian recommendations derived from the single macroeconomic simulation model, even when the economy had ceased to respond as predicted (Scharpf 2000).However, when the analyses of institutionalised information monopolists do fit the problem, they will facilitate effective problem solving in single-actor systems and effective coordination in multiactor systems. The pluralistic model, by contrast, will provide protection against the institutionalisation of error.CONCLUSIONThe paper has explored the role of institutions in influencing policy outcomes. Institutio nal conditions, to the extent that they are able to influence actor choices, are seen as remote causes. Institutions influence policy outcomes by setting norms in decision making. Furthermore, institutional rules affect policy by restricting options, constituting actor constellations, regulating their modes of interaction and by structuring the incentives of the participating actors. Although it is generally accepted that challenges to which policy actors may have to respond are influenced by the institutional setting, the dominant strands of current institutionalist theorising, rational-choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism, differ in their conceptualisation of these influences.Limitations of institutions, such as the focus on structures and economic efficiency, the focus on stability, political manipulation and policy networking, further influence policy outcomes.BIBLIOGRAPHYArthur W.B. (1989). Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and lock-in by Historic al Events. Economy Journal, Vol. 99.Ashford, D. E. (1977). Political Science and Policy Studies towards a structural solution. Policy Studies Journal, Iss.5, pp.570-583.DiMaggio, P and Powell, W. (1991). Introduction, in W. Powell and P DiMaggio The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (eds). University of Chicago Press.Gorges, M.J. (2001). The New Institutionalism and the Study of the European Union The case of the social dialogue. Western European Politics, Vol.24, Iss.4, pp.152.Ikenberry G.J. (1994). write ups Heavy Hand institutions and the politics of the state. Conference on The New Institutionalism, University of Maryland.Jordan, G. (1990). Policy Community Realism versus New Institutionalist Ambiguit. Political Studies, Vol.38, pp.470-84.Lowndes, V. (1996). Varieties of New Institutionalism A critical appraisal. Public Administration, Vol.74, pp.181-197.March, J. and Olsen, J. (1984). The New Institutionalism Organizational factors in political life. The American Political Science Review, Vol.78, No.3, pp.734-749.March, J. and Olsen, J. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions the organizational basis of politics. impoverished Press, New York.Niskanen, W. (1973). Bureaucracy Servant or Master? Institute for Economic Affairs, London.North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press.Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics. The American Political Science Review, Vol.94, No.2, pp.251-267.Scharpf, F.W. (1989). Decision Rules, Decision Styles and Policy Choices, Journal of Theoretical Politics,Vol.1, Iss.2, pp.149-176.Scharpf, F.W. (2000). Institutions in Comparative Policy Research. Comparative Political Studies,Vol.33, pp.762-790.Skocpol T. (1979). States and fond Revolutions. Cambridge University Press.Stinchcombe A.L. (1997). On the Virtues of the old Institutionalism. Annu. Rev. Soc. Vol.23Thelen, K. (1999). Historical Institutionalism in Comparati ve Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.2, pp369-404.

The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mocki

The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To efface a Mockingbird Toothpaste it is made up of so many an different(prenominal) different ingredients. You can look at a tube of toothpaste, study it, observe the alter of the plastic container and notice the size and physical body of it. You can guess all you want whats on the inside, but you will never know until it is squeezed. People they be made up of so many different things. You can look at them, study their behaviors, and observe their come out of the closetances. You can key out many assumptions about what theyre desire on the inside, but you will never know their true character until they are squeezed. When a person is put in a tight state of affairs it doesnt make their character, it exposes it. In Harper Lees To cleanup a Mockingbird there are several characters that are present throughout the book, but one seems to appear out of nowhere in chapter eleven. Her physical body is Mrs. Dubose, and she has a very inte resting character. It has several layers that almost need to be peeled a room like an onion. unity is meet one of the numerous layers of her character. rectitude is how a person reacts when they are being squeezed. Mrs. Dubose has a high standard of morals and she is true to them--she walks her talk. She looks out for quite a little other than herself. She is determined. Mrs. Dubose is unquestioningly a adult female of integrity. Mrs. Dubose displays integrity by standing up for her beliefs. She has self-appointed herself as the manners police, according to the standards she was raised with. The way she was raised children were expected to respect their parents and other elders. Mrs. Dubose makes a point to call the kids on it whenever they are acting out of line according to her values. She yells at observatory t... ...her life, a time that can be very lonely for a person. In a sense, she is being squeezed, like a tube of toothpaste--yet she stays strong. She even so keeps all her values, instead of throwing them out the window. Mrs. Dubose doesnt just sit around and watch the world go on, she tries to make a difference. She doesnt throw herself a pity party, burdening others with her problems. Instead, she decides to make the most out of the time she has leftover in her life. She decides to improve her life so that she can die having lived life to the fullest. Mrs. Dubose, in all her integrity, is the tastiest kind of toothpaste there is. Works Cited Johnson, Claudia. The Minor Charaters of Harper Lees To defeat a Mockingbird. Studies in American Fiction (1991)129-139. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990. The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill MockiThe Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Toothpaste it is made up of so many different ingredients. You can look at a tube of toothpaste, study it, observe the colors of the p lastic container and notice the size and shape of it. You can guess all you want whats on the inside, but you will never know until it is squeezed. People they are made up of so many different things. You can look at them, study their behaviors, and observe their appearances. You can make many assumptions about what theyre like on the inside, but you will never know their true character until they are squeezed. When a person is put in a tight position it doesnt make their character, it exposes it. In Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird there are several characters that are present throughout the book, but one seems to appear out of nowhere in chapter eleven. Her name is Mrs. Dubose, and she has a very interesting character. It has several layers that almost need to be peeled away like an onion. Integrity is just one of the numerous layers of her character. Integrity is how a person reacts when they are being squeezed. Mrs. Dubose has a high standard of morals and she is tr ue to them--she walks her talk. She looks out for people other than herself. She is determined. Mrs. Dubose is unquestioningly a woman of integrity. Mrs. Dubose displays integrity by standing up for her beliefs. She has self-appointed herself as the manners police, according to the standards she was raised with. The way she was raised children were expected to respect their parents and other elders. Mrs. Dubose makes a point to call the kids on it whenever they are acting out of line according to her values. She yells at Scout t... ...her life, a time that can be very lonely for a person. In a sense, she is being squeezed, like a tube of toothpaste--yet she stays strong. She still keeps all her values, instead of throwing them out the window. Mrs. Dubose doesnt just sit around and watch the world go on, she tries to make a difference. She doesnt throw herself a pity party, burdening others with her problems. Instead, she decides to make the most out of the time she h as left in her life. She decides to improve her life so that she can die having lived life to the fullest. Mrs. Dubose, in all her integrity, is the tastiest kind of toothpaste there is. Works Cited Johnson, Claudia. The Minor Charaters of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird. Studies in American Fiction (1991)129-139. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990.

The Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

The Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth NightDeception is a key theme in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night. The characters must use dissembling to obtain good things, escape bad situations, or to play cruel hilarious ticks on other people. One example of deception is when Viola wearing apparel herself in mens clothing in order to obtain a job under the Duke of Illyria, Orsino. During another scene Sir Andrew, Fabian, Maria, and Sir Toby Belch trick Malvolio into make a fool of himself. A third example of deception is when Feste the jester disguises himself as Sir Topas and taunts Malvolio. Each of these scenes and characters helps depict the different uses of deception.The first example of deception is Violas decision to dress as a man. She must do this in order to survive. Viola is a young woman who narrowly escaped a crash along with her twin brother, Sebastian. Unfortunately, the twins where separated during the shipwreck and each believes the other perished. Vi ola has no way of survival other than to dress as a man and serve Orsino. Viola says For such disguise as haply shall become the form of my intent. Ill serve this duke...for I can sing...That will help bequeath me very worthy his service. (Shakespeare, 54-59)While serving as a messenger between the Orsino and his love Olivia, Olivia happens to fall in love with Viola sort of of the Duke. Later a captain finds Violas brother, Sebastian, on the shore of Illyria. They both g...