A Suitable Base Material for Composite Resin Restorations

Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 www. elsevier. com/locate/foodchemtox A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents q Gurdip Singh b a,* , Sumitra Maurya a,1 , M. P. deLampasona b, Cesar A. N. Catalan b a Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273 009, India Instituto de Quimica Organica, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Ayacucho 471, S. M. de Tucuman 4000, Argentina Received 31 August 2005; accepted 22 February 2007Abstract The antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial potentials of volatile oils and oleoresin of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (leaf and bark) were investigated in the present study. The oleoresins have shown excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products in mustard oil added at the concentration of 0. 02% which were evaluated using peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, p-anisidine and carbonyl values. Moreove r, it was further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays such as ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid system, reducing power, chelating and scavenging e? cts on 1,1 0 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. In antimicrobial investigations, using inverted petriplate and food poison techniques, the leaf and bark volatile oils has been found to be highly e? ective against all the tested fungi except Aspergillus ochraceus. However, leaf oleoresin has shown inhibition only for Penicillium citrinum whereas bark oleoresin has caused complete mycelial zone inhibition for Aspergillus ? avus and A. ochraceus along with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, P. citrinum and Penicillium viridicatum at 6 lL. Using agar well di? sion method, leaf volatile oil and oleoresin have shown better results in comparison with bark volatile oil, oleoresin and commercial bactericide, i. e. , ampicillin. Gas chromatographic–mass spectroscopy studies on leaf volatil e oil and oleoresin resulted in the identi? cation of 19 and 25 components, which accounts for the 99. 4% and 97. 1%, respectively of the total amount and the major component was eugenol with 87. 3% and 87. 2%, respectively. The analysis of cinnamon bark volatile oil showed the presence of 13 components accounting for 100% of the total amount. E)-cinnamaldehyde was found as the major component along with d-cadinene (0. 9%), whereas its bark oleoresin showed the presence of 17 components accounting for 92. 3% of the total amount. The major components were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (49. 9%), along with several other components. O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume; Eugenol; Cinnamaldehyde; Antioxidant assay 1. Introduction Free radical reactions occur in human body and food systems. Free radicals, in the form of reactive oxygen and Part 57.Corresponding author. Tel. : +91 551 2200745 (R)/2202856 (O); fax: +91 551 2340459. E-mail address: [email  p rotected] com (G. Singh). 1 Present address: Agarkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, India. * q nitrogen species, are an integral part of normal physiology. An over production of these reactive species can occur, due to oxidative stress brought about by the imbalance of bodily antioxidant defence system and free radical formation. These reactive species can react with biomolecules, causing cellular injury and death.This may lead to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and those that involve the cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. The consumption of fruits and vegetables (Peschel et al. , 2006) containing antioxidants has been found to o? er protection 0278-6915/$ – see front matter O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 02. 031 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 1651 against these diseases. Dietary antioxidants can augment cellular defences and help to prevent oxidative damage to cellular c omponents (Halliwell, 1989).Besides playing an important role in physiological systems, antioxidants have been used in food industry to prolong the shelf life of foods, especially those rich in polyunsaturated fats. These components in food are readily oxidized by molecular oxygen and are major cause of oxidative deterioration, nutritional losses, o? ?avour development and discoloration. The addition of synthetic antioxidants, such as propyl gallate, butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and tertiary butylhydroquinone has been widely used industrially to control lipid oxidation in foods.However, the use of these synthetic antioxidants has been questioned due to their potential health risks and toxicity (Kahl and Kappus, 1993). The search for antioxidants from natural sources has received much attention and e? orts have been put in to identify compounds that can act as suitable antioxidants to replace synthetic ones. In addition, these naturally occurring a ntioxidants can be formulated as functional foods and nutraceuticals that can help to prevent oxidative damage from occurring in the body.Plants contain a variety of substances called ‘‘Phytochemicals’’ (Pratt, 1992), that owe to naturally occurring components present in plants (Caragay, 1992). The phytochemical preparations with dual functionalities in preventing lipid oxidation and antimicrobial properties have tremendous potential for extending shelf life of food products. Several research groups around the world have succeeded in ? nding and identifying natural antioxidants from herbs and spices using di? erent model systems.The antioxidant activity of Labiatae herbs such as rosemary, sage, summer savory and borage are also well documented (Bandoniene et al. , 2002; Djarmati et al. , 1991; Ho et al. , 2000; Aruoma et al. , 1996; Cuvelier et al. , 1994; Wong et al. , 1995; Chang et al. , 1997; Madsen et al. , 1996; Gordon and Weng, 1992; Takacsova et al. , 1995). However, the aromatic spicy and medicinal plants from Laureceae family are less extensively studied. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, syn C. verum, family Laureceae) is a widely used spice and have many applications in perfumery, ? voring and pharmaceutical industries. Although, the chemical constituents of leaf and bark essential oils of cinnamon have been studied (Raina et al. , 2001; ? Simic et al. , 2004; Jayaprakash et al. , 1997), the potential antioxidant properties have yet not been studied and it seems that investigation on oleoresins are scarce. Hence, in the present work, attempt has been made to explore the possible antioxidant and antimicrobial properties by di? erent methods which can give more comprehensive information especially when the e? ectiveness of multi component natural oleoresins is investigated.The objective of present investigation is to compare the chemical composition of leaf and bark essential oils and oleoresins as well as demonstrate t he possibility of protecting the stored food materials against micro-organism and antioxidative behaviour on mustard oil using as additive by various methods. 2. Materials and methods 2. 1. Chemicals Thiobarbituric acid, pure components eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were received form Merck, Germany. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), carbendazim were procured from Sigma (Sigma–Aldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany) and linoleic acid from Across (New Jersey, USA).BHT, BHA, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine were purchased from s. d ? ne-chem Ltd, Mumbai, India. Ampicillin was purchased from Ranbaxy Fine chemicals Ltd. , New Delhi, India. Crude mustard oil was purchased from local oil mill, Gorakhpur, India. All solvents used were of analytical grade. 2. 2. Sample extraction Cinnamon leaves and barks were purchased from local market of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, during January 2004 and voucher specimens were kept at the Herbarium of the Science faculty, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur.Cinn amon leaves (250 g) and barks (50 mesh particle size) were hydrodistilled using Clevenger’s apparatus to yield essential oils (3. 1% and 2. 5%, respectively). Oleoresins were obtained by extracting 25 g of powdered spice with 250 mL of acetone for 2 h in a Soxhlet extractor. The solvent was evaporated by placing the sample in a vacuum drier under reduced pressure. The viscous oleoresins for leaves and barks, with yield 6. 9% and 9. 7%, respectively, were obtained. Both essential oils and oleoresins were stored in cold condition and until further use. 2. 3. Chemical characterization 2. . 1. Gas chromatography (GC) A Hewlett Packard 6890 (Analytical Technologies SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) gas chromatograph equipped with column HP-5 (5% phenyl methylsiloxane, length 30 m  · inner diameter 0. 25 mm  · ? lm thickness 0. 25 lm) was used for the analysis whose injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 240 and 250  °C, respectively. The amount of the samples injec ted was 0. 1 lL in split mode (80:1). Carrier gas used was helium with a ? ow rate of 1. 0 mL minA1. The oven temperature for essential oils were programmed linearly as follows: 60  °C (1 min), 60– 185  °C (1.  °C minA1), 185  °C (1 min), 185–275  °C (9  °C minA1 ), 275  °C (5 min) whereas for oleoresins it was as follows: 70  °C (1 min), 70–170  °C (1. 5  °C minA1), 170  °C (1 min), 170–180  °C (9  °C minA1), 280  °C (5 min). 2. 3. 2. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) Analysis of volatile oils and oleoresins were run on a Hewlett Packard (6890) GC–MS system (Analytical Technologies SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (model HP 5973) with a capillary column of HP-5MS (5% phenyl methylsiloxane, length = 30 m, inner diameter = 0. 25 mm and ? lm thickness = 0. 5 lm). The injector, GC–MS interface, ion source and selective mass detector temperatures were main tained at 280, 280, 230 and 150  °C respectively. The oven temperature programmed for the volatile oils were same as provided for GC whereas for oleoresins, it was programmed linearly as follows: 60– 185  °C (1. 5  °C minA1), 185  °C (1 min), 185–275  °C (9  °C minA1), 275  °C (2 min). The extract was held at 70  °C (5 min), 70–220  °C (3  °C minA1), 220–280  °C (5  °C minA1) and held at 280  °C for 5 min. 2. 3. 3. Components identi? cation The components of essential oil and oleoresins were identi? d on the basis of comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra with published data (Adams, 2001; Massda, 1976) and computer matching with WILEY 275 and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST 3. 0) libraries provided with computer controlling the GC–MS system. The results were also con? rmed by the comparison of the compounds elution order with their relative retention indices on non-polar phase 1652 G. S ingh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 2. 4. 2. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging e? ects The DPPH assay was carried out as described by Brand-Williams and his co-workers (1995). , 10, 15, 20, 25 lL of the sample were added to 5 mL of 0. 004% methanol solution of DPPH. After a 30 min incubation period at room temperature, the absorbance was read against a blank at 515 nm. The assay was carried out in triplicate and analyses of all samples were run in duplicate and results are averaged. This test was adopted from a method described by Halliwell et al. (1987). Solutions of the reagents were always prepared freshly. The reaction mixture contained in a ? nal volume of 1. 0 mL, 100 lL of 2-deoxy-2ribose (28 mM in KH2PO4–K2HPO4 bu? er, pH 7. ), 500 lL of various concentrations of the tested oils or the pure compounds in bu? er, 200 lL of 1. 04 mM EDTA and 200 lM FeCl3 (1:1 v/v), 100 lL of 1. 0 mM H2O2 and 100 lL of 1. 0 mM ascorbic acid. Test sampl es were kept at 37  °C for 1 h. The free radical damage imposed on the substrate, deoxyribose, was measured using the thiobarbituric acid test (Ohkawa et al. , 1979; Shimada et al. , 1992). 1. 0 mL of TBA (1%), and 1. 0 mL tricholoroacetic acid (2. 8%) were added to the test tubes and were incubated at 100  °C for 20 min. After cooling, absorbance was measured at 532 nm against a blank containing deoxyribose and bu? r. Reactions were carried out in triplicate. Inhibition (I) of deoxyribose degradation in percent was calculated in the following way: I? %? ? 100X ? A0 A A1 =A0 ? where A0 is the absorbance of the control reaction, and A1 is the absorbance of the test compound. 2. 4. 3. Chelating e? ect and reducing power Chelating e? ect was determined according to the method of Shimada et al. (1992). To 2 mL of the mixture, consisting of 30 mM hexamine, 30 mM potassium chloride and 9 mM ferrous sulphate were added to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 lL of essential oil or oleoresin in methanol ( 5 mL) and 200 lL of 1 mM tetramethyl murexide.After 3 min at room temperature, the absorbance of the mixture was determined at 485 nm. A lower absorbance indicates a higher chelating power. EDTA was used as a positive control. The reducing power was carried out as described before (Oyaizu, 1986). Various amount (5, 10,15, 20 lL) of essential oil or oleoresin (dissolved in 2. 5 mL of methanol) mixed with 2. 5 mL of 200 mM phosphate bu? er (pH = 6. 6) and 2. 5 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide, and the mixture was incubated at 50  °C for 20 min. After adding 2. 5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid, the mixture was centrifuged at 200 g for 10 min in Sigma 3K30 model centrifuger.The organic layer (5 mL) was mixed with 5 mL of deionised water and 1 mL of 0. 1% ferric chloride and the absorbance read at 700 nm in a UV–visible spectrophotometer. reported in the literature (Adams, 2001). The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of n-al kanes C8–C16. 2. 3. 4. Antioxidative assays in mustard oil Oxidative deterioration was monitored under modi? ed Shaal Oven test (Economou et al. , 1991). Leaf and bark essential oils and oleoresins along with synthetic antioxidants and major components were added individually to unre? ned mustard oil at levels of 0. 2% (v/v). The initial PV value of oil is 1. 7 meq of O2/kg. Oxidative deterioration was periodically assessed by measuring the antioxidant parameters such as peroxide (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), p-anisidine (p-An) and total carbonyl (TC) values. 2. 3. 5. PV and TBA values The rate of oil oxidation was monitored by the increase of peroxide values. About 3 g of each oil sample was weighed and subjected to iodimetric determination (AOCS, 1990). TBA values were evaluated according to the methods previously stated by some authors (Sidwell et al. , 1954) with small changes. To 10 g of oil sample, 0. 7% aq. thiobarbituric acid (20 mL) and benzene (25 mL) solution we re added. This mixture was shaken continuously for 2 h using mechanical shaker. After 2 h, supernatant was taken and placed in boiling water-bath for 1 h. After cooling, absorbance of supernatant was measured at 540 nm with Hitachi-U-2000 spectrophotometer. 2. 3. 6. p-Anisidine value The test was performed according to the methods (AOCS, 1998,) previously stated by earlier workers (Ottolenghi, 1959; Kikuzaki and Nakatani, 1993). In a 50 mL volumetric ? ask, 0. 6 g of oil sample was taken and volume was made using isoctane solution.From this solution, 5 mL was treated with 1 mL of 0. 25% of p-anisidine reagent and kept in dark for 10 min and absorbance was measured at 350 nm using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer. 2. 3. 7. Total carbonyl value Carbonyl value was evaluated according to the methods as reported earlier (Frankel, 1998). About 4 g of sample was taken in a 50 mL volumetric ? ask and the volume was made up using carbonyl free benzene. Out of this, 5 mL was pippeted out and mixed with 3 mL of 4. 3% trichloroacetic acid and 5 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (0. 05% in benzene) in 50 mL volumetric ? asks.The mixture was incubated at 60  °C for half an hour to convert free carbonyls into hydrazones. After cooling, 10 mL of KOH solution (4% in ethanol) was added and the volume was made with ethanol. After 10 min, absorbance was measured at 480 nm using UV–VIS spectrophotometer. Blank was prepared in the same manner substituting 5 mL of benzene instead of sample. A standard curve was drawn using valeraldehyde (50–250 lg) in 5 mL of benzene instead of sample. The total carbonyl was calculated with the help of the standard curve and expressed as mg of valeraldehyde per 100 g of sample. 2. 5. Antimicrobial activity 2. 5. . Antifungal investigations In order to determine the antifungal e? cacy of the volatile oil and its oleoresin, the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ? avus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus terreus, Fusariu m moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium viridicatum were undertaken. These fungi were isolated from food materials such as onion, vegetable waste, wheat straw, fruits of Musa species, sweet potato, decaying vegetation and vegetable, respectively and were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.The MTCC code No. of these strains are 2479, 1884, 1810, 3374, 1893, 2088, 2553 and 2007, respectively. Cultures of each of the fungi were maintained on Czapek (DOX) agar media with adjusting pH 6. 0–6. 5 and slants were stored at 4  °C. The antifungal activity of the volatile oil and oleoresin against fungi were undertaken using inverted petriplate (Ramdas et al. , 1998) and poison food techniques (Amvam Zolla et al. , 1998). In inverted petriplate method, the required dose (2, 4 and 6 lL) of undiluted sample were soaked on a small piece (diameter 12 mm) of Whatmann No. 1 ? ter pape r and it was kept on the lid of petriplate which is in inverted position whereas in poison food 2. 4. Complementary antioxidant assays 2. 4. 1. Antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system Antioxidant activity was carried out using the method proposed by Osawa and Namaki (1983) with small changes. Samples (1 mL) in ethanol were mixed with 2. 5% linoleic acid in ethanol (4. 1 mL), 0. 05 M phosphate bu? er (pH = 7, 8 mL) and distilled water (3. 9 mL) and kept in screw cap containers under dark condition at 40  °C. This solution (0. 1 mL) was added to the solution of 9. 7 mL of 75% ethanol and 0. mL of 30% ammonium thiocyanate. After 3 min, 0. 1 mL of 0. 02 M ferrous chloride in 3. 5% hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture, the absorbance of red color was measured at 500 nm in the spectrophotometer, for every two days. The control and standards were subjected to the same procedure except for the control, where there was no addition of sample and for the standard 1 mL of sample was replaced with 1 mg of BHA and BHT. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 technique, the required dose (2, 4 and 6 lL) of the undiluted sample were mixed with the 20 mL of culture medium.Each test was replicated for three times and fungi toxicity was measured after 6 days in terms of percent mycelial zone inhibition. 2. 5. 2. Antibacterial investigations Six pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus (430), Bacillus subtilis (1790), Staphylococcus aureus (3103) (gram-positive), Escherichia coli (1672), Salmonella typhi (733), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1942) (gram-negative) were selected for present study. All the bacterial strains were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. They were sub cultured on nutrient agar broth (Hi-media) and stored at 4  °C.Active cultures for experiments were prepared by transferring one loopful of cells from stock cultures to ? ask of nutrient aga r broth, which were incubated without agitation for 24 h at 37  °C. In order to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils and oleoresins, agar well di? usion method was followed. 0. 1 mL of 101 time diluted bacterial strain in ringers solution were ? ood inoculated on to the surface of well settled sterilized culture medium. The wells (10 mm diameter) were cut from agar, and 0. 2 mL of sample (2, 4 and 6 lL of essential oil or oleoresin diluted in 1 mL of DMSO) was delivered into them.For standard, 0. 2 mL of aqueous solution of ampicillin (1 mg mLA1) was used. After incubation for 24 h at 37  °C, all plates were examined for any zones of growth inhibition according to method developed by Davidson and Parish (1989). All the plates were replicated twice and the results were averaged. 2. 5. 3. Statistical analysis For the oil or oleoresin, three samples were prepared for each experiment. The data were presented as mean  ± standard deviation of three determinatio ns (data were not shown). The quantitative data of major components of oil and oleoresin were statistically examined by analysis of variance (Sokal, 1973) and signi? ant di? erences among several groups of data were examined by Ducan’s multiple range test. A probability value of p < 0. 05 was considered signi? cant. Table 1 Chemical composition of cinnamon leaf volatile oil and oleoresin Compound Volatile oil MS % a-Thujene a -Pinene b-Pinene Myrcene a-Phellandrene p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene p-Cymene 1,8-Cineole Terpinolene a-Terpineol a-Cubebene Eugenol b-Caryophyllene Aromadendrene a-Amorphene Germacrene-D Bicyclogermacrene d-Cadinene Spathulenol Sabinene c-Terpinene Terpinen-4-ol d-Elemene Viridi? orol Methoxy-eugenol Isospathulenol Neophytadiene Docosane Nonacosane Vitamin-E Total 0. 1 0. tr tr 1. 9 tr 0. 7 0. 7 tr tr tr 87. 3 1. 9 1. 1 tr 0. 6 3. 6 0. 4 0. 5 – – – – – – – – – – – 99. 4% a 1653 Oleore sin KI 931 941 980 993 1007 1011 1026 1033 1088 1191 1350 1358 1420 1441 1490 1490 1496 1527 1576 – – – – – – – – – – – MSa % – – – – 0. 3 – tr – – tr – 87. 2 1. 4 0. 8 0. 4 0. 2 1. 7 0. 6 1. 7 tr tr tr 1. 0 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 97. 1% KI – – – – 1007 – 1026 – – 1191 – 1358 1420 1441 1490 1490 1496 1527 1576 975 1064 1177 1340 1594 – – – – – – 3. Results and discussion 3. 1. Chemical analysis GC and GC–MS analysis of cinnamon leaf volatile oil showed the presence of 19 components accounting for 99. % of the total amount (Table 1). The major component was eugenol (87. 3%) followed by bicyclogermacrene (3. 6%), a-phellanderene (1. 9%), b-carryophyllene (1. 9%), aromadendrene (1. 1%), p-cymene (0. 7%) and 1,8-cineole (0. 7%). Moreover, it s oleoresin showed the presence of 25 components accounting for 97. 1% of the total amount (Table 1). The major components accounting were eugenol (87. 2%), spathulenol (1. 7%), bicyclogermacrene (1. 7%), b-caryophyllene (1. 4%) and d-elemene (1. 0%). The analysis of cinnamon bark volatile oil showed the presence of 13 components accounting for 100% of the total amount (Table 2). E)-cinnamaldehyde was found as the major component along with d-cadinene (0. 9%), a-copaene (0. 8%) and a-amorphene (0. 5%), whereas its bark oleoresin showed the presence of 17 components accounting for 92. 3% of the total amount (Table 2). The major components were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (49. 9%), coumarin (16. 6%), d-cadinene (7. 8%), a-copaene (4. 6%), (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (1. 5%), ortho-methoxy cinnamaldehyde (1. 5%) and b-bisabolene (1. 4%) along with several other compo- Percentages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using selective mass detector tr < 0. 1 . a nents. Recently, Raina et al. (2001) reported eugenol (76. 6%), linalool (8. 5%) and pipertone (3. 31%) as major components from its leaf oil grown in little Andman whereas the steam distilled volatile oil of cinnamon fruit ? grown at Karnataka and Kerala consists (Simic et al. , 2004; Jayaprakash et al. , 1997) of hydrocarbons (32. 8% and 20. 8%) and oxygenated compounds (63. 7% and 73. 4%) and trans-cinnamyl acetate and b-caryophyllene were found to be major component. 3. 2. Antioxidative assays in mustard oil The changes of PV in mustard oil of all investigated samples are presented in Fig. 1.The rate of oxidative reactions in mustard oil with additives was almost similar to that of the blank sample. The stability of the mustard oil samples to the formation of peroxides can be ranked in the following descending order: Leaf oleoresin > BHT > PG % eugenol > Bark oleoresin % BHA > Leafoil > cinnamaldehyde > bark oil 1654 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1 650–1661 Table 2 Chemical composition of cinnamon bark volatile oil and extract Compound Volatile oil MS % a-Pinene Camphene Sabinene b-Pinene Limonene 1,8-Cineole Camphor Z-cinnamaldhyde E-cinnamaldhyde a-Copaene a-Amorphene -Cadinene Terpinen-4-ol b-Caryophyllene Coumarin a-Muurolene b-Bisabolene Cadina-1(2), 4-diene Ortho-methoxy cinnamadehyde Cubenol 1-Heptadecene 1-Nonadecene Tetracosane Octacosane Nonacosane Total a a Oleoresin KI 941 953 975 980 1031 1035 1144 1225 1279 1379 1490 1527 – – – – – – – – – – – – – MSa % – – – – – – – 1. 5 50. 0 4. 6 – 7. 8 0. 1 1. 0 16. 6 4. 4 1. 4 1. 8 1. 5 0. 5 0. 2 0. 4 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 92. 3% KI – – – – – – – 1225 1279 1379 – 1527 1177 1420 1436 1500 1506 1530 1532 – – – – – – tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr 97. 7 0. 8 0. 5 0. 9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100% ays. The e? ects of volatile oils and oleoresins on malonaldehyde formation for mustard oil in terms of incubation time versus TBA value at 60  °C are shown in Fig. 2. The malondehyde formation of all the additives increases with storage time. The oil showed a moderate inhibition at 0. 02% concentration, and was comparable to BHA and PG but much lower than BHT. These results were well correlated with p-anisidine and total carbonyl values (Fig. 4). However, the sequence is slightly di? erent as compared with the one obtained during measurements of peroxide values.For instance, bark oleoresin had a little greater activity for preventing the formation of secondary oxidation products than primary ones. On contrary, volatile oils were slightly less e? ective in preventing the formation of secondary oxidation products than primary ones. From the above results, it should be said that the formation of the primary oxidation species, peroxides, were also quite similar with the secondary oxidation products, and the changes of both oxidation characteristics are in a good correlation. Hence, the inhibition activity of leaf and bark oleoresins were excellent among all the additives and there was a signi? ant di? erence between the blank and antioxidants at the P < 0. 05 level. 3. 3. Antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system To evaluate the antioxidant potential of volatile oils and oleoresins of leaf and bark, their lipid inhibitory activities were compared with selected antioxidants and their major components by using ferric thiocyanate method of measuring the amounts of peroxides formed in emulsion during incubation. High absorbance is an indication of a high concentration of formed peroxides. The absorbance values of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon along with synthetic antioxidants are shown in Fig. . The absorba nce Percentages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using selective mass detector tr < 0. 01. Simultaneously with the measurements of peroxide value, the changes the secondary oxidation products such as malonaldehyde and 2-alkenals, which are measured by thiobarbituric (Fig. 2), p-anisidine (Fig. 3) and total carbonyl values (Fig. 4), were also determined after every 7 120 Control BHT C. L. Oil C. L. Oleoresin eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde 100 Peroxide value (meq/kg) 80 60 40 20 0 0 7 14 21 28Incubation time (days) Fig. 1. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the primary oxidation of mustard oil measured using peroxide value method. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 1655 6 5 Control BHT Leaf oil Leaf oleoresin Eugenol BHA PG Bark oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde TBA value (meq/g) 4 3 2 1 0 0 7 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 2. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the malonaldehyde formation in mustard oil measured using TBA value method. 7 6 Control BHT C. L. Oil C. L.Oleoresin eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde p-anisidine value 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 7 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 3. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the formation of 2-alkenals in mustard oil measured using p-anisidine method. 16 14 Carbonyl value (mg) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 Control BHT C. L. Oil C. L. Oleoresin Eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 4. Inhibitory e? ect volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the total carbonyls present in mustard oil. 1656 G. Singh et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 1. 9 1. 7 Absorbance at 500 nm 1. 5 1. 3 1. 1 0. 9 0. 7 0. 5 0 Control BHT Leaf oleoresin Bark oleoresin Cinnamaldehyde BHA Leaf oil bark oil eugenol 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Incubation time (h) Fig. 5. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the primary oxidation of linoleic acid system measured using ferric thiocyanate method. of linoleic acid emulsion without additive increased rapidly, and there was a signi? cant di? erence between blank and antioxidants at the P < 0. 05 level. As can be seen in this ? , bark oleoresin was most e? ective among all the additives followed by leaf oleoresin. However, there are no signi? cant (p < 0. 05%) di? erences between antioxidative activities of oleoresins, oils, BHA, BHT and PG. 3. 4. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging e? ects Table 6 shows the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of leaf and bark volatile oils and oleoresins with various concentrations. As positive control, BHA and BHT were also examined. Bark oleoresin showed the best result through all concentrations for DPPH assay. The volatile oils have shown almos t equal and moderate radical scavenging activity.At a concentration of 5 lL, signi? cant di? erences in DPPH scavenging activities was observed between BHA (78. 4%), BHT (81. 2%) and oleoresins of both leaf (51. 3%) and bark (75. 6%). However, as concentration increased, the di? erences in scavenging activities between BHA, BHT and oleoresins become less signi? cant. For hydroxyl radical scavenging test AOH radicals were generated by reaction of ferric-EDTA together with H2O2 and ascorbic acid to attack the substrate deoxyribose. The resulting products of the radical attack form a pink chromogen when heated with TBA in acid solution (Ohkawa et al. , 1979; Shimada et al. 1992). When the oils or oleoresins were incubated with this reaction mixture they were able to interfere with free radical reaction and could prevent damage to the sugar. The results are shown in Table 6. At 5 lL, scavenging e? ects on hydroxyl radicals were 31. 2%, 51. 2%, 43. 6% and 57. 6% for leaf and bark volatil e oils and oleoresin. However, at 25 lL BHA and BHT exhibited scavenging activities of 84. 9% and 83. 2%, respectively. There was a little change in the order of DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of leaf oleoresin (86. 1%), bark volatile oil (79. 6%) and bark oleoresin (78. 6%).A close to linear correlation between radical scavenging activity and concentration of polyphenolic compounds in various vegetable and fruits have been reported (Pyo et al. , 2004; Robards et al. , 1999). These reports indicated that the radical scavenging activity of oleoresins might be mostly a? ected by position of the phenolic hydroxyl group which is present in eugenol. Yepez et al. (2001) used eugenol as standard which removed 95% of the initial DPPH free radical. 3. 5. Chelating e? ect and reducing power Chelating e? ects of the leaf and bark oleoresins on ferrous ions increased from 20. 5% at 5 lL to 24. % at 10 lL and maintained a plateau of 28. 2–35. 5% at 15– 25lL (Fig. 6). The bark oleoresin showed a better chelating e? ect than those leaf oleoresin and both volatile oils. In addition, chelating e? ects of oleoresins were relatively parallel and increased from 20. 5–23. 6% at 5 lL to 38. 5– 42% at 25 lL. However, at 5 lL, the chelating ability of EDTA was 90. 4%. Apparently, the cinnamon leaf and bark oleoresins could chelate ferrous ions but were not as e? ective chelators as EDTA. Reducing powers of leaf and bark oleoresins of cinnamon were excellent and were in the range 56. 0–58. 4, comparable with that of BHA (63. ) and BHT (65. 2) at 5 lL (Fig. 7). However, at 25 lL, the reducing power of the leaf and bark oleoresins, BHA and BHT were comparable (78. 5–87. 9). The reducing powers of the oleoresins might be due to the hydrogen donating abilities (Shimada et al. , 1992). 3. 6. Antimicrobial studies The results of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by inverted petriplate and poison food tech- G. Sing h et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 1657 100 90 Chelating effect (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 EDTA Leaf oleoresin Bark oleoresin E-Cinnamaldehyde Leaf oil Bark oil Eugenol 10 15 20 25 30 Concentration ( L) Fig. 6. Chelating e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark along with synthetic antioxidants. 100 Reducing power (%) 80 BHA Leaf oil Bark oil Eugenol BHT Leaf oleoresin Bark oleoresin Cinnamaldehyde 60 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Concentration ( L) Fig. 7. Reducing power of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark along with synthetic antioxidants. niques are reported in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Using inverted petriplate method (Table 3), the leaf volatile oil was found to be 100% antifungal against all the tested fungi except A. chraceus and A. terreus at 6 lL. It was interesting to note that complete inhibition against A. ?avus was obtained only at 2 lL. However, leaf oleoresin has shown complete mycelial zone inhibition only for P. citrinum. More than 75% activity was obtained for P. veridicatum, F. moniliforme and A. ?avus. Bark volatile oil has shown complete inhibition against the fungi such as F. gramenearum, F. moniliforme, P. citrinum, P. viridicatum and A. terreus at 6 lL. Using poison food technique (Table 4), leaf volatile has caused complete inhibition against all the tested fungi except P. itrinum whereas oleoresin has caused complete inhibition only against P. citrinum. Bark volatile oil has shown complete inhibition against almost all the tested fungi except for A. ?avus, A. ochraceus whereas its oleoresin has caused complete inhibition for A. ?avus and A. ochraceus along with A. niger, A. terreus, P. citrinum and P. viridicatum at 6 lL. Using agar well di? usion method (Table 5), leaf volatile oil has shown better results in comparison with oleoresin and commercial bactericide, i. e. , ampicillin. Complete mycelial zone inhibition was obtained using leaf volatile oil again st P. eruginosa and B. cereus. However, it has moderate inhibitory e? ect on B. subtilis and S. aureus whereas its oleoresin has shown almost 100% activities against S. typhi and B. cereus. Bark volatile oil has been found to be better than bark oleoresin as it has caused more than 50% inhibition against all the tested fungi. There are several reports (Singh et al. , 1995; Hili et al. , 1997) stating that C. zeylanicum Blume exhibit antimicrobial activity. Their results demonstrate that the leaf oil completely inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at the 1658 G. Singh et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 Table 3 Antifungal activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by inverted petriplate method Test Dose (lL) Percent mycelial inhibition zonea AN Leaf volatile oil 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 91. 5 100 100 25. 0 50. 0 58. 7 85. 3 93. 1 100 6. 3 38. 7 87. 2 62. 5 100 100 6. 3 35. 1 78. 3 AF 100 100 100 45. 6 76. 3 89. 3 100 100 100 6. 3 8. 8 13. 8 81. 2 100 100 65. 3 93. 2 100 AO 18. 7 56. 3 87. 5 46. 3 56. 3 68. 7 15. 6 52. 8 85. 3 12. 5 25. 0 37. 5 54. 3 78. 7 100 12. 5 25. 0 30. 8 FG 50. 0 52. 5 100 37. 5 50. 56. 3 36. 3 45. 8 95. 2 87. 5 87. 5 100 25. 0 50. 0 58. 7 75. 0 87. 5 100 FM 50. 0 52. 5 100 57. 5 80. 0 92. 5 31. 2 43. 2 83. 6 75. 0 87. 5 100 58. 6 79. 5 83. 3 58. 7 75. 3 83. 8 PC 37. 5 56. 3 100 67. 8 93. 3 100 25. 5 45. 8 86. 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PV 37. 5 56. 3 100 38. 9 65. 5 87. 5 28. 5 47. 3 93. 7 100 100 100 76. 5 87. 5 100 85. 5 91. 5 100 AT 18. 7 36. 5 75. 0 46. 3 56. 3 68. 7 41. 3 53. 2 69. 1 37. 5 56. 3 100 87. 5 94. 1 100 56. 3 85. 6 100 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde AN = Aspergillus niger; AF = Aspergillus ? vus; AO = Aspergillus ochraceus; FG = Fusarium graminearum; FM = Fusarium moniliforme; PC = Penicillium citrinum; PV = Penicillium viridicatum; AT = Aspergillus terreus. a Average of three replicate s. Table 4 Antifungal activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by food poisoned method Test Dose (ppm)a Percent mycelial inhibition zonea AN Leaf volatile oil 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 1000 2000 3000 100 100 100 62. 5 77. 5 87. 5 100 100 100 73. 5 100 100 48. 9 65. 3 83. 6 52. 3 68. 7 72. 3 78. 2 82. 2 96. 3 AF 31. 3 87. 5 100 18. 8 50. 0 100 15. 6 63. 2 95. 6 (–) 51. 3 87. 5 88. 7 91. 3 100 52. 87. 6 91. 2 85. 3 91. 2 96. 2 AO 50. 0 100 100 35. 0 82. 5 97. 5 45. 6 95. 6 100 75. 0 81. 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84. 2 91. 2 98. 4 FG 75. 0 100 100 62. 5 77. 5 87. 5 63. 5 82. 1 93. 8 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 65. 3 83. 2 100 47. 2 67. 8 85. 3 90. 2 96. 3 94. 5 FM 100 100 100 38. 7 46. 3 78. 7 45. 6 53. 6 78. 3 75. 0 83. 2 100 48. 7 56. 3 78. 7 63. 2 65. 8 87. 1 97. 2 100 100 PC 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 35. 0 62. 5 97. 5 48. 6 73. 1 82. 6 43. 7 51. 3 65. 0 100 100 100 85. 2 89. 7 91. 2 100 100 100 PV 87. 5 100 100 50. 0 65. 5 70. 0 73. 2 85. 6 93. 6 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 60. 0 85. 3 100 55. 3 63. 1 91. 2 100 100 100 AT 18. 7 50. 0 56. (–) 50. 0 100 15. 5 50. 0 75. 2 32. 5 45. 0 76. 3 35. 0 76. 2 83. 7 42. 3 45. 6 89. 3 98. 5 100 100 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde Carbendazimb AN = Aspergillus niger; AF = Aspergillus ? avus; AO = Aspergillus ochraceus; FG = Fusarium graminearum; FM = Fusarium moniliforme; PC = Penicillium citrinum; PV = Penicillium viridicatum; AT = Aspergillus terreus. a Average of three replicates. b Aqueous solution was used. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 Table 5 Antibacterial activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by agar well di? sion method Test Concentration (ppm) Inhibition zone (mm)a Gram (+) bacteria Bs Leaf volatile oil 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 17. 1  ± 0. 4 20. 0  ± 0. 6 32. 6  ± 1. 2 14. 6  ± 1. 2 19. 0  ± 0. 2 25. 4  ± 0. 8 14. 3  ± 0. 6 17. 0  ± 0. 3 29. 6  ± 1. 2 14. 2  ± 0. 5 18. 3  ± 0. 3 26. 7  ± 0. 7 16. 2  ± 1. 3 20. 2  ± 1. 1 25. 3  ± 0. 3 12. 3  ± 0. 1 17. 3  ± 0. 5 23. 7  ± 0. 6 32. 5  ± 1. 2 34. 3  ± 0. 3 41. 2  ± 0. 2 Sa 26. 1  ± 1. 5 34. 9  ± 1. 3 48. 7  ± 0. 5 27. 1  ± 0. 1 38. 9  ± 0. 2 49. 3  ± 2. 2 23. 1  ± 1. 1 26. 9  ± 1. 3 38. 7  ± 0. 3 27. 0  ± 0. 9 44. 6  ± 0. 56. 7  ± 0. 1 23. 1  ± 0. 4 28. 7  ± 0. 2 33. 6  ± 0. 3 23. 0  ± 0. 7 41. 6  ± 0. 8 53. 7  ± 0. 1 29. 5  ± 0. 6 32. 6  ± 1. 6 37. 5  ± 0. 2 Bc 43. 3  ± 1. 7 58. 0  ± 0. 6 + 64. 5  ± 0. 6 80. 4  ± 1. 1 + 33. 3  ± 1. 5 56. 0  ± 0. 8 72. 3  ± 0. 2 41. 3  ± 1. 7 52. 6  ± 1. 2 56. 3  ± 0. 5 38. 6  ± 0. 2 41. 3  ± 0. 4 45. 6  ± 0. 7 31. 3  ± 1. 2 48. 6  ± 0. 2 52. 3  ± 0. 3 31. 4  ± 0. 2 34. 6  ± 0. 1 38. 2  ± 0. 3 Gram (A) bacteria Ec 13. 0  ± 0. 2 18. 2  ± 1. 1 25. 8  ± 0. 5 11. 4  ± 0. 6 13. 1  ± 0. 7 18. 5  ± 1. 1 11. 3  ± 0. 1 17. 2  ± 1. 6 21. 8  ± 0. 3 28. 1  ± 0. 2 33. 2  ± 1. 3 35. 1  ± 0. 3 33. 4  ± 0. 5 35. 4  ± 0. 3 37. 1  ± 0. 3 26. 1  ± 0. 5 33.  ± 1. 8 34. 1  ± 0. 2 33. 6  ± 0. 8 37. 8  ± 1. 4 39. 5  ± 0. 6 St 12. 5  ± 0. 8 14. 6  ± 1. 1 17. 9  ± 0. 2 53. 6  ± 1. 3 73. 8  ± 0. 5 78. 1  ± 0. 8 12. 5  ± 0. 8 14. 6  ± 1. 1 17. 9  ± 0. 2 20. 6  ± 1. 8 32. 7  ± 2. 0 41. 3  ± 0. 3 17. 2  ± 0. 1 18. 6  ± 0. 7 19. 3  ± 0. 5 18. 6  ± 1. 4 31. 7  ± 1. 0 40. 3  ± 0. 3 21. 9  ± 0. 5 25. 6  ± 0. 7 28. 9  ± 1. 3 Pa 1659 25. 7  ± 0. 6 + + 20. 5  ± 0. 1 21. 4  ± 0. 8 25. 8  ± 0. 1 26. 7  ± 0. 5 + + 50. 2  ± 1. 2 56. 5  ± 0. 8 60. 2  ± 0. 3 40. 6  ± 0. 4 45. 3  ± 0. 8 56. 2  ± 0. 7 30. 2  ± 1. 1 48. 5  ± 0. 6 59. 2  ± 0. 1 24. 3  ± 0. 4 26. 3  ± 1. 5 27. 3  ± 1. 1 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oilBark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde Ampicillin Bs = Bacillus s ubtilis; Sa = Staphylococcus aureus; Bc = Bacillus cereus ; Ec = Escherichia coli ; St = Salmonella typhi; Pa = Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (+) indicates complete inhibition. a Average of three replicates. level of 500 lg mLA1. Another report (Smith-Palmer et al. , 1998) found the MICs of C. zeylanicum against E. coli and S. aureus were 0. 05% and 0. 04%, respectively. To con? rm the relationship of the constituents in cinnamon leaf and bark and antimicrobial activity, the major components were tested for antimicrobial activity. The results are shown in Tables 3–5.Among both constituents, E-cinnamaldehyde possessed better activity and these ? ndings are quite similar with the results of Chang et al. (2001). However, eugenol, in spite of being phenolic compound, failed to inhibit the fungal growth by inverted petriplate method but when it was added directly to the growth media in higher concentrations, it appeared to inhibit completely the microbial growth. Nevertheless, it is wor th noting that essential oils and oleoresins are very heterogeneous mixtures of a single substances, biological actions are primarily due to these components in a very complicated concert of synergistic or antagonistic e? cts. Table 6 Comparison of scavenging e? ects of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils and oleoresins against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals Sample Radical scavenging activitya (%) DPPH radical 5 lL Leaf oil Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde BHA BHT a Hydroxyl radical 15 lL 69. 9 74. 1 65. 2 76. 2 89. 3 72. 3 92. 1 89. 2 20 lL 72. 1 76. 7 71. 3 82. 1 91. 2 75. 1 94. 7 91. 7 25 lL 73. 9 91. 2 92. 9 83. 6 95. 3 78. 3 96. 4 94. 9 5 lL 31. 2 43. 6 39. 4 51. 2 57. 6 49. 8 71. 3 66. 2 10 lL 55. 7 57. 1 45. 1 57. 6 62. 3 53. 6 75. 1 72. 1 15 lL 63. 5 70. 4 54. 3 73. 1 68. 9 57. 1 78. 75. 3 20 lL 68. 1 73. 6 61. 5 76. 9 71. 2 65. 2 81. 7 77. 5 25 lL 72. 2 86. 1 68. 2 79. 6 78. 6 68. 3 84. 9 83. 2 10 lL 58. 7 58. 9 56. 8 73. 5 87. 5 68. 1 89. 3 85. 1 45. 2 51. 3 41. 3 71. 1 75. 6 65. 3 78. 4 81. 2 Average of three replicates. 1660 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 1650–1661 Chang, S. T. , Chen, P. F. , Chang, S. C. , 2001. 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(Eds. ), Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their E? ects on Health.American Chemical Society, New York, pp. 54–72. 4. Conclusion The present study provided the potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark. The oleoresins have shown better e? ect on primary and secondary oxidation products in mustard oil. The radical scavenging activity and other complementary assays are also in good correlation. Moreover, the potency of the constituents such as eugenol and cinnamaldehyde could provide a chemical basis for some of the health bene? ts claimed for cinnamon and warrant further studies to assess their potential as e? ctive natural remedies. Acknowledgements We are thankful to Head, Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur for provi ding laboratory facilities. Prof. K. D. S. Yadav of our department is also thanked for providing spectral facility. 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Electric and Music industries limited Essay

â€Å"EMI† or Electric and Music industries limited is a British music company founded in 1931 as a result of a giant merger of two companies namely the UK Columbia Graphophone company and Gramophone company. Initially it was involved in manufacture of recording and playback equipment and provision of music to play in its machines. EMI Group Plc comprises two major companies i. e. EMI music based in Kensington, London England and EMI publishing based in New York. EMI is one of the four music companies in the world. The other three are Sony BMG, Warner group, and Universal music group. As we shall see Terra Firma, capital partners now own EMI since august 2007. This change of ownership was because of drastic decline in sales and a huge loss to the tune of 2000 million pounds in 2006/20007 financial year (http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/03_06/b3819058. htm? chan=search). This transition saw several artists walk out of EMI including Radio head, Sir Paul McCartney among others. The takeover also saw Guyhands, the new owner bring in new restructuring policies to reduce the labor costs by two hundred pounds. This was to be achieved by cutting up to two hundred workers out of the 5000 plus EMI labor force (http://www. cornerc. com/emi. htm). Initially EMI majored in the manufacture of gramophones, which went on successfully for a period of 40 years. However, during and after the world war two they ventured in the manufacture of radar equipment and guided missiles. They later began to manufacture broadcasting equipments with BBC being their main customers. They employed skilled engineers an example such was Godfreys Hounsefield who came up with the first scanning machine, used in medical imaging. EMI’s strategic choices Although EMI was established along time ago, an indicator that it had cut itself a niche in the music production industry, it had to come up with regular strategies to maintain its position in the market. This was also necessary to stay in level with its business rival e. g. Warner music group and others. In any business, it is mandatory that to acquire a large market share a manufacturer must produce quality products. This aspect of quality is what customers look for and therefore EMI embarked on producing quality and efficient products through the employment of skilled work force such as engineers. For instance the re skilled and able engineers who made sure that quality and efficiency was not compromised. Another very important tool EMI used to edge out its competitors was by signing contracts with popular artists. It roster of artists included both local and international artists who releases new albums every now and then. These regular releases helped EMI to offer its customers a wide rage of music choices. Emi continued investing heavily in the very best song writing standards across the world. Local artists included the Beetle Boys, Nora Jones. Lenny Krawtz, among others while artists from other regions included Japan’s Noriyoku Matiara, Latin American’s Marissa Monte, continental Europe’s Raffael, Diam among many others. These best talents enabled EMI to maximize all potential revenue opportunities. Due to hypercompetitive nature of the music industry, EMI has always been on the look out to remain executive in the industry. This, they have achieved by making systematic decisions, monitoring the decision effects, and adjusting where necessary. EMI’s fast, efficient and flexible business intelligence team draws these strategies. Through this intelligence team, EMI was able to embark on facilitating a new architecture for selling its products. They engaged an IT firm, Avanade who successfully designed a web services solution. This new architecture helped EMI to take advantage of unique interactive marketing opportunities, which offered a competitive advantage when signing new artists. EMI has also labored tirelessly in creation of new products, formats, channels, and new partnerships as a real competitive tool over its rivals. For instance, EMI diversified its distribution channels by introducing digital online selling. This has supplemented the physical selling method. As expected, this online selling has helped to cut the costs of shipping, and offered value to its customers’ dollars. Another competitive advantage of this method is that it’s dynamic, secure, and it’s flexible for easy extension to new E-commerce business technology initiative (http://www. avanade. com/customers/casestudy. aspx? id=39). EMI has also focused on creating of very attractive music content and making it available where consumers want it, when they need it, and in the format, they want it. This has helped them to maximize the demands for its artist works. Of more importance is the diversification of its product range, which has been a routine exercise as part of their business products. New corporate partnerships have been created and therefore making EMI’s music available in more than 56 countries. However, this market diversification has posed a greater challenge due to sprouting of both physical and digital piracy. However, through a series of successful legal suits the company has made progress in combating unscrupulous pirates. Another tool EMI continues to use in order to broaden its international market is by establishing right relationships on the right terms. This has made them to be in the fore front of the music industry and there fore exploiting new products and possibilities that digital technologies brings e. g. this innovative digital approach, saw EMI music produce the first ever album available on i-tunes. An indicator of how EMI music is exploiting new opportunities that digital technologies brings (http://billboard. blogs. com/billboardpostplay/2005/06/sales_and_marke. html) . Through these digital innovations, EMI music has therefore ventured in a wide geographical region with ventures in N. America, Japan, Continental Europe, Latin America, Australia, and in S. East Asia. In all this regions EMI music has entered into joint ventures with local companies, making its products to be widely accepted by the locals, a phenomenon, which could have been the other way if EMI music decided to go on its own. These international ventures have been successful because British had many colonies across the globe. Therefore, it has been easy to market EM products in the common wealth countries (http://www. ybase. com/detail? id=1025595). EMI limited is now one of the four leading companies after Universal music group, Warner music group and Sony BMG. Therefore, measures to protect it and make it sustainable strong in the music industry market have to be arrived at. His measures are not only purely for protection but also for building the company further. An example of such measure was EMI’s bold proposal move to buy its music rival Warner group. EMI argued that this move will not only cut down the cost of unnecessary competition but also will add value to the company share value in the London stock exchange market. Warner on its side did not take the proposal positively. EMI has also invested hugely on intensive marketing and promotion through collaboration with mobile phone manufacturers e. g. T-mobile which uses EMI music as its ring tunes. In addition, EMI music has entered into contracts with advertisers and media houses as a way of diversifying its revenue opportunities. Another milestone EMI has achieved in protecting its market share is by proper use of copyrights and hence reducing piracy. Critical success factors In order to achieve all the above strategies and objectives, EMI had to come up with a series of practices. These practices, which are in other words referred to as critical success factors, included the following; developing a distinctive approach towards its list of artists, which are its main assets. Also making consistence investment in artists with long-term carrier potential and maximizing its local and global sales. Another factor was getting in partnership with willing music companies across the world. This approach was seen as the only way EMI products would be readily accepted by customers globally. From EMI’s financial and performance data, it is evident that to some extend they achieved these success strategies. This is clearly shown by the number of business ventures it entered into the globe e. g. in Asia, Australia, North and South America among many other places. In addition, the roster of artists affiliated to EMI speaks volumes about this. It s evident then that EMI’s strategies and objectives were very much appropriate initially. This is the reason as to why EMI has been successful for a very long period. The strategies were in line with its resources and capabilities. EMI’s recourses and capabilities It is evident that the long term EMI’s success did not just come on a silver platter, it was occasioned by; intensive investment of capital, intensive marketing and promotion, tireless efforts by its skilled and able workers, regular releasing of albums by its long roster of artists, and lastly prevailing peace and stability in many countries it ventured into. To begin with, the main asset towards the support of EMI’s strategies was their large numbers of artists who were blessed with immense real musical talent. These artists released new hits every now and then and therefore this made EMI to be constantly in business, hence its expansion to overseas market. EMI being a company that started back before the start of the world war two stands a better chance in terms of competitive advantage from its rivals. This is so because its long time presence in music production industry makes it to have built a reputation with new and old artists. Long time presence in music industry makes it to be popular with its customers and therefore its volume of sales have always been high until lately when it started making losses. To satisfy its customer s demand as we saw earlier EMI achieved this by investing heavily in new technology whereby new brands of products were released every now and then. This new technology was achieved through EMI’s large workforce of able and skilled technicians. EMI group have two branches i. e. EMI music, and EMI publishing though they are very much separate from one another as its normal in music industry. These two branches have contributed a lot in making EMI what it is today. This is so because they supplement one another in that, the publisher branch publishes and records musical tracks while the music branch offers distribution and marketing services and thus EMI managed to sail successfully in its business endeavors. Its variety of branches also gave its customers a wide choice of products. These brands included music packaged in physical devices like disks and music digitally delivered to customers online. The above recourses and capabilities and many more others are what made EMI to be strategically capable in edging out its rivals, business wise. An evaluation of EMI’s current strategies Today the company being under the ownership of Terra Firma it has to make new strategies as one of the core actions in its efforts of regaining its lost glory. An example of these strategies is the labor force down sizing which its new owner, Mr. Guy Hands, brought in. Literally, this strategy will mean that a quite number of workers will face the axe. Its suitability therefore is wanting, because it will be contracting the company’s initial policies since quite a number of sectors of production will remain understaffed. All the same, it is worthy the cause since in the end expenses will shoot down and the saved funds channeled towards the main objective of reviving the once renowned music powerhouse (http://helium. com. tm/494190/music-industry-dying-painful). By looking at EMI’s business environment it not clear whether it will regain its lost market share. This is because the take over by terra firma was worsened by the walking away of some of it’s of long time artists therefore it will be difficult to win the back. It can also be argued that Mr. Guy Hands strategy was not in good faith because may be his main intention was to come up with a plan that will see him recover his money he paid for the takeover deal (http:www. whatmakesagoodleader. com/Porters-five-forces. html). In terms of feasibility, which is concerned with whether the strategy is implemental it can be said that cutting the labor force although easy to implement can be of no consequence when it comes to regaining its lost market share. This so because when some of EMI’s artists left, they obviously signed contracts with other music companies, which are probably its three major rivals and therefore increasing the level of competition. Basing this argument on competition, cutting the number of employees will not bring down the level of competition. Again, EMI badly needs the services of some of its experienced workers to turn around the situation facing it. For instance, EMI needs the services of IT technicians to bring new and fresh technological ideas to gain that competitive advantage over its three main rivals. It is in order that the money which were to be paid to the retrenched workers will be invested in researching for more technology, but in real sense new technologies mean more labor force to work on it (http://www1. ximb. ac. in/users/fac/dpdash/dpdash. nsf/pages/BP_Evaluation). On acceptability of this strategy, it remains to be seen because now EMI has been faced with financial constraints and hence it’s subsequent change of ownership. This change of ownership saw EMI being delisted from the London stock market, and mass walkouts of long time loyal artists. This is a phenomenon, which means that its volume of sales went down considerably, and consequently making EMI to find its self in a financial quagmire. This also affected the capital structure of the company with the shareholders being forced to sell their shares to the new owner. This policy also affected the functions of different departments in the organization. Some departments were merged, while others were scraped all together. The company’s reputation also went down especially its customers, suppliers lost faith in it, and therefore it can be said the general acceptability of this strategy was relatively poor. In conclusion it can be deduced that it will take some time for the company to fully regain its lost glory this so because in the music a single flop can lead to long time consequences. Music production is unique in that it involves the signing of long-term co tracts with artists, suppliers and stakeholders and therefore breaching such contracts is not a common thing. Unless during abnormal occurrences like in the case of the take-over of EMI by Terra Firma. However, EMI can build on from its other range of products to regain its popularity and market share.

Developing the Global Dimension in Schools and in Classrooms Essay

The School The school where I carried out the research for my report is St Augustine of Canterbury Roman Catholic High School in Oldham. The pupils come from a wide variety of backgrounds including English and Irish working class, Pakistani, Indian, Black Caribbean, Black African, Travellers, Polish and pupils who are of mixed race. The religions I encountered included Roman Catholic, other Christian, Muslim and Hindu. Many of the Pupils at St Augustine’s have very limited experience of the outside world due to the poorer backgrounds that they come from. The Lessons This report is based on a series of four lessons I taught to a Year 11 Citizenship class. The topic of the lesson is the continent of Africa, problems within the continent, possible solutions to the problems and their complications. The purpose of the lessons is also to create a sense of empathy in the pupils, improve their research skills, and give them the opportunity to present their findings at the end of the unit. In the first lesson, the pupils are given a map of Africa and a list of countries. They have to use the internet to find out where the countries are situated on the map. This provokes discussion over how countries in Africa were formed and how their borders were affected by Western Colonisation and the World Wars. The second part of the lesson involves a brief discussion over some of the well known problems in Africa such as Civil War, Corruption, HIV, Poverty and Famine after which the pupils will start their own powerpoint presentation describing these. The pupils are assisted in starting this with fact sheets on HIV and AIDS in Africa and on Corruption in Africa. The second lesson focuses on Civil War in Africa. The pupils are given worksheets with the names of four countries that have faced Civil War, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Sudan and Sierra Leone and questions on the impact of war in these countries. The pupils watch a trailer for the film Hotel Rwanda which focuses on the Rwandan Genocide. There is discussion on what they have seen, which expands into related topics such as refugees before they are allowed to go on the internet and research the answers to the questions for two of the countries. The second half of the lesson is spent working on the powerpoint presentations and adding some of the facts they have researched into their own presentation. The third lesson focuses on Fairtrade in Africa. The pupils are given a worksheet asking questions about Fairtrade and shown a short video on the projector promoting and explaining what Fairtrade does for African producers. The pupils are directed to the Fairtrade website in order to answer any remaining questions on their sheet. The second half of the lesson is spent finishing off their powerpoint presentations and adding facts about Fairtrade. In the fourth lesson, the pupils present their findings to the rest of the class and discuss the issues as a class, each having the opportunity to express their opinions on the topic and the different aspects they have covered. The Focus Group What did pupils learn from the lesson and how do they feel school prepares them to be part of an ethnically and religiously diverse society? I chose 4 pupils to take part in my focus group, Jodie who was very opinionated, from a white, working class background; Priya, a Hindu, Indian girl who was more quiet but got caught up in the debate; John who is from a mixed Black Caribbean and White background; and Mlala, a boy from a West African background. Jodie felt very resentful about being â€Å"forced to take Citizenship†. She felt it was a waste of time as there is no qualification or exam to sit in this subject. She felt it was a waste of time and she had very little interest in what happened in Africa, she felt it would be more relevant to study problems occurring in the UK during Citizenship lessons. During the class discussions she was unsympathetic to the plight of refugees and had strong feelings regarding their presence in the UK and on immigration as a whole. John was of a similar opinion, he thought that Africans should â€Å"sort out their own problems†. Priya defended refugees and their need to come to this country pointing out that it is not always possible for refugees to go to the next nearest country as there may be trouble within that country as well and that if there are a lot of refugees coming from countries that are close to each other that one or two countries that are stable enough to accept refugees cannot take all of the refugees. Mlala also pointed out that some of the problems that occur in Africa are a direct result of European colonisation and war. I understand why Priya and Mlala are more reluctant to get involved in the debate. To some extent they may feel that the comments are directed at them or their friends or families. They see the issues of developing countries from a different perspective. Mlala only came to the UK in the last year and has grown up in West Africa. He and his family are immigrants themselves, he dislikes the picture painted in the media but does not want to get into direct confrontation over it. Priya was born here but has strong roots in India; she has friends and family there who she visits and who have come to live in the UK more recently. I also understand where these feelings are coming from in Jodie and John in the sense that they are growing up in working class, white households which are targeted in the media to feel that immigrants and refugees are coming to the UK and making life more difficult for them affecting housing, jobs, schooling the NHS and opinions within their families are being reflected through them. Jodie and John did appear to enjoy having the opportunity to express their opinions about issues that are highlighted in the media and discussed at home. Priya and Mlala, were more reluctant to talk about the issue, I believe they may have felt uncomfortable at times about some of the issues raised and the strength of other peoples opinions, however as the debate went on they were motivated to speak to get across their own different points of view. My Reflections I felt at the end of the lessons and the focus group that something had been achieved in the sense that Jodie and John’s opinions appeared to soften and they had learned some facts that they were previously unaware of. Priya and Mlala, I hope came out of it mor confident for speaking their minds and making their opinions known. I feel that the lessons were a success in the sense that they created a framework for debate and got the pupils thinking about these issues instead of just accepting what they read in the Tabloids and hear from the people around them. When I prepared the lessons I had to stick within the framework of the the topic for problems within Africa but I feel it would be good to have the opportunity to use the topic of Africa to challenge peoples’ preconceptions of the continent and the people, perhaps by focussing on the more positive aspects of Africa in order to give the pupils a more balanced viewpoint.

Answering questions based on the case study Essay

Answering questions based on the case study - Essay Example n business model, franchisees are provided with ample start-up support and training by the franchisor and the company maintains an established brand (Ramirez-Hurtado and Quattrociocchi 2009). From the Snap Fitness’ perspective, there is significant cost savings by having an independent investor take on the franchise. It spares the franchisor of the expenses of rentals or new facilities construction as well as the necessary labour needed to manage the business and provide services. Yet another advantage is that this gives the franchisor rather simplistic revenue production and royalties. The franchise contract indicates a level of profit sharing, usually between three and seven percent, without much commitment and service delivery by Snap Fitness. Therefore, costs are reduced in managerial labour whilst also giving the franchisor earnings simply as a basis of contract. A final advantage to this strategy is having access to more ideas. The contracted relationship with the franchisor and franchisee can create better strategic decision-making by combining talents and knowledge held by the franchisee. Usually these investors have business experience or management talents that are vital for improving problem-solving and responding more effectively to market conditions. Challenges of franchising include a loss of control over the franchisee. Monitoring management is a significant strategic challenge in business and franchisors cannot always be present to ensure managers are being productive. This is an agency problem of executive control (Brickley and Dark 1987). Additionally, not all franchisees maintain the same level of business talents and experiences which could conflict ensuring that the franchisee is adhering to the established model of management and leadership necessary to be consistent with the company’s brand ideology and service philosophy. Yet another challenge is that Snap Fitness could experience tensions and conflict with the franchisee. The

Role of Phytooestrogen in the Prevention of Breast Cancer Coursework

Role of Phytooestrogen in the Prevention of Breast Cancer - Coursework Example They have been suggested to have anticarcinogenic potential (Boccardo et al, 2006). Plant lignans are currently being widely studied for their potential benefits for human health as their consumption has been correlated with lower risks for developing chronic diseases, such as breast cancer and coronary heart disease. However, studies of some classes of lignans, in particular the furofurans, are hampered by the lack of suitable standards to allow accurate analysis (Haajanen and Botting, 2006). A study investigating the association between lignan intake and breast cancer in the early 1980s included small groups of women who were classified as vegetarian, or meat-eating. Over the course of 1 year, the concentrations of lignans excreted in their urine were compared with those of breast cancer patients who had had small breast tumours removed by surgery. The women with breast-cancer had a tendency to excrete smaller concentrations of lignans than vegetarians (Lamartiniere, 2000). Isoflavonoids and lignans are diet constituents with chemo-preventive properties. They occur in certain vegetables as their glycosides from which they are released by the bacterial micro-flora in the gut. The mechanisms by which these agents interfere with the process of carcinogenesis are only poorly understood. Although many epidemiological studies have shown that a phytoestrogen-rich diet, in which isoflavones and lignans are both found, is protective against breast cancer development (Lamartiniere, 2000) the use of soy and its isoflavone GEN by postmenopausal breast cancer patients is controversial (Duncan et al, 2003). The mammalian phytoestrogens enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) are produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on the plant precursors matairesinol (MAT), secoisolariciresinol (SECO), their glycosides, and other precursors in the diet. Both END and ENL have been shown to possess weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, and it has been suggested that the high production of these antiestrogenic mammalian lignans in the gut may serve to protect against breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. Various in vitro experiments suggested END and ENL significantly inhibited the growth of human colon tumor cells, and the E2-induced proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was inhibited by ENL (Wang, 2002). Human Studies Till now, the evidence for a cancer-protective role of dietary nutrients, particularly those with antioxidant properties, has been based on women without any known genetic pre-disposition and it is important to identify and evaluate dietary factors which may modify the risk of cancer in BRCA carriers. Diet modification may modulate the risk of hereditary breast cancer by decreasing DNA damage (possibly linked to estrogen exposure) or by enhancing DNA repair. The prevention of hereditary breast cancer through diet is an attractive complement to current management strategies and deserves exploration (Kotsopoulos and Narod, 2005). In a recent study by Lambert et al six lignans, including the cyclolignan 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6,7 cyclolignan, were isolated from the flowering tops of Larrea tridentata. Furthermore the flavanone, (S)-4, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, was isolated

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Ethics - Essay Example e that the engineers of Telecommunications did influence the decision-making process by establishing engineering specifications that only BNC could meet. The engineers received free travel and lodging from BNC but only after the job was completed. Is there anything wrong with this picture? Yes, if the situation transpired as has been described above, then the kick backs for free travel are merely extended as a direct result of the prior unethical level of business interaction between the two parties in question (Santoro, 2010). 3. Do you think that Ed Keller is right to be concerned about the values of Telecommunications and the senior engineers who accepted the offers of free travel and lodging? Why or why not? If you believe that Keller’s concerns are warranted, which values should be of concern to him? He is right to be concerned; however, he must also be careful with regards to appearing to overstep the boundaries of his job description. Ultimately, entire ethics departments and legal teams exist as a means of understanding the unique nuances of performing business in transnational settings; however, if legitimately concerned with regards to the bid process, he should have merely asked what was standard accepted practice rather than appearing to question the legality or ethical nature of the engagement that took place in Colombia (Cragg & Muchlinski, 2013). In this way he would not have come across in an accusatory tone but instead appeared as if he were merely hoping to gain a greater level of knowledge with regards to standard

Abu Dhabi Police Department Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abu Dhabi Police Department - Research Proposal Example The trend for standardization and integration has been reflected through the compliance to the requirements, various benefits which are normally observed through the provision of greater conformity within an organization, its effectiveness, and the overall efforts of developing separate systems of management. The management systems are usually treated as autonomous functions within organizations/ institutions. However, most of the professionals tend to think that it is possible to bring together and harmonise the three management systems: OHSAS 18001 OHSMS, ISO 14001 EMS and ISO 9001 QMS. This paper will therefore focus on the various management practices in the police department of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In addition, a clear strategy for the implementation of an integrated system in the organization will be developed and outlined in the paper.... Abu Dhabi Police department is envisioned to become an effectual police force in the policing field which promptly responds to the needs of the society with a high level of training and integrity (Trent 1998, pp.32). In order to achieve the stated vision, the directorate is usually guided by a number of values which include: respect for human rights, honesty and integrity. In relation to this, the study will focus on finding out the quality management and the organization management. This will play a vital role in the development of approaches which will assist in the general performance of Abu Dhabi Police. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The Emirates population is expected to massively rise in the upcoming years. This is greatly attributed to the boom in the tourism industry. Therefore, crime rate is expected to go up as the population increases. Abu Dhabi police has established organizational change and quality management to deal with the expected rise in crime rate (Trent 1998). Despite the police department's involvement in quality management and organizational management, there have been limited suggestions / ideas on how to improve the general performance of the organization. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The study will access the quality management and change management in Abu Dhabi Police department. Having accessed the quality and change management, a number of recommendations will be provided in order to improve the overall performance of Abu Dhabi Police and ensure that it functions to the benefit of the general public. 1.4 Objective of the Study To find out the Quality management involved in Abu Dhabi Police department, To determine the change management involved in Abu Dhabi Police

Jocelyn Moorhouses How to Make an American Quilt Essay

Jocelyn Moorhouses How to Make an American Quilt - Essay Example However, when she asks Marianna who the latter would marry, Marianna shows her vulnerable side by saying â€Å"I would marry my soul mate† (American Quilt, 1995). Thereby she reveals the incident she has kept with her from her youth: she met a man by chance, and ended up spending the evening with him, only to find out later, after discovering her inner connection with him, that he was married. Marianna has always been brave; she has chosen whichever path her instincts have told her to follow. Perhaps this is why her character is the most colorful out of all the rest, and why she seems to be the most brilliant amongst the members of the quilting bee. Since she has chosen the â€Å"right colors† in the words of Anna (American Quilt, 1995), her life was much enhanced by it. In life, whatever choices we make have a consequence on our personality. A wrong choice does, like Anna says, â€Å"dull the colors and hide the original beauty† (American Quilt, 1995). This message, I would say, resonates in my life. I have always gone by instinct; that is to say, I have always trusted my instincts, without knowing why, and have made choices based on it. One of the reasons I can identify with the character of Marianna in the movie is that, like her, I too follow my hearts desires. This practice has, indeed, enriched my life. I have always been, and still am, my own person. Sometimes this entails going against the grain, however, in the long run, I have noticed, that it always pays to be true to oneself. One has to be brave to stand up to the opposition of one’s peers or your parents, but if one remains true to oneself, I feel one’s life is all the more enriched for that very reason. Just like Marianna in the movie, I can easily say that I have had no regrets in life, because I have always stayed true to myself.

There is no place for judgement in accounting it's simply mathematics Essay

There is no place for judgement in accounting it's simply mathematics and a precise subject. Explore the above statement - Essay Example The existing conceptual framework has proven to be extremely helpful to the IASB while trying to improve the financial reporting standards (IFRS, 2013a). The framework is a key parameter that defines the underlying concepts of transparent and relevant preparation of financial statements (AASB, 2010). It must be understood that the Conceptual framework in no way represents the IFRS and therefore the framework does not state accounting requirements for any particular disclosure issue or measurement (IFRS, 2013b). Nothing that is outlined in the conceptual framework supersedes any specific IFRS. However, in certain cases issues covered under the IFRS have conflicted with the conceptual framework. As such, in those cases the IFRS supersedes the conceptual framework as it is a globally accepted standard (BDO international, 2010). The conceptual framework plays a crucial role in the presentation and preparation of high quality financial reports in order to satisfy the needs of their users (Working Group on Fundamental Concepts, 2004). The primary objectives of the conceptual framework are to assist the IASB in order to help them to develop the future international accounting standards. ... Approach The statement, â€Å"There is no place for judgement in accounting it’s simply mathematics and a precise subject†, is highly debatable. In order to evaluate the statement, its needs to be interpreted from the perspective of principle vs. rule based accounting theory as well as the theory of conceptual framework. Thereafter, the statement has to be evaluated on the basis of the relevance of professional judgements in the field of accounting. What is professional judgement? According to Lakovic and Fuglister (2013), professional judgement refers to a process that is used by accounting officials in order to apply them to accounting standards while preparing financial reports. Accounting procedures involves rigorous application of judgements as they help accountants to analyse and select the right methods and models in financial reporting (Xiling, 2010). Principle vs. Rule based accounting A major controversy still prevails in the field of accounting as to which ac counting standard allows the optimal use of judgement and results in optimal fair representation and comparability. FASB has always been more inclined towards the adoption of rules based accounting whereas IASB has tended more toward a principles-based approach. Currently, FASB and IASB are in the process of amalgamating their accounting standards into a common one. In such context the debate regarding the accounting approach becomes even stronger than ever before and henceforth the relevance of judgement. However, the fact that rule based accounting have eroded judgements in some cases and failed in representing the economic substance faithfully, US professional leaders have admitted to the

Short Story Analysis Sheet Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Story Analysis Sheet - Coursework Example Hazel is hell bent on continuing her winning streak at an annual race event held on May Day (Bambara 1-2). However, she has to juggle caring for her brother Raymond and race preparations while simultaneously dealing with insensitive remarks about Raymond’s mental handicap. At the story’s conclusion, Hazel emerges victorious and finds new respect for Gretchen and Raymond’s Down syndrome (Bambara 4). The author uses flashbacks throughout the story. For example, Hazel remembers taking Mary Louise under her wing when the latter was new to the neighborhood. In addition, she recounts her distaste for Cynthia Procter’s pretentiousness when she remembers the latter’s lie about not adequately preparing for a spelling bee event (Bambara 2). Bambara’s description of events is believable because she addresses challenges that face children in real-life; for example, jealousy and rivalry between young girls, as they strive to prove their superiority. The kind of conflict, central to the Raymond’s Run, is a sort of inner conflict of the protagonist. From the first glance it may seem that the whole story is about confrontation of two athletes, Squeky and Gretchen, but things are much more complicated, and the existing conflict between girls is an external one. Upon the deeper reflection the reader recognizes that twenty year old Squeky struggles to find her place in life, as she strives to do more than just watch Raymond. This girl uses running as a tool to construct another identity of the more confident and successful individual. However, her passion in running does not meet parental expectations, as they find Squeky’s hobby impair her girlishness. A vivid example of that conflict is Squeky’s refusal to take part in maypole dancing with such an argumentation: â€Å"a poor Black girl who really can’t afford to buy shoes and a new dress you only wear once.† (Bambara 1). Hazel Deborah Parker, or Squeky,

International Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business Strategy - Assignment Example International business operators have adopted a new form of business that entails standardization of the product with the intention of offering and bringing together product and service development and processing. In this aspect, multinationals have tried to make one corporation with branches and operations across the world. The thinking, in this case, is influenced by the precise customer needs and the cultural and geographical factors that impact on the purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is possible to have an international company, say a restaurant, offering entirely different types of goods and services in different parts of the world. This depends on the people living in a certain global locality. Nevertheless, the company’s logo and brand name continue to unite its global customers.   Another thinking of the international business that has evolved is the arbitrage thinking. This involves the exploitation of the differences that arise between regional and national marke ts. Business operators are now required to be more vigilant in the location of important parts of the supply chain in different regions. For instance, Europeans, mainly value opening many retail shops while Indians value the initiation of call centers to monitor employees and customers and create a better channel of communication.Another strategic thinking, that has characterized and shaped international business, is the competitive rivalry between different producers and suppliers in the international markets.

Cyber Forensics Essay Example for Free

Cyber Forensics Essay Cyber Forensics by Richard Boddington School of Information Technology Assignment 2 – Research Essay Assignment outline †¢ Assignment 2 – Research Essay is a submission of an essay based on the cyber forensic environment and is worth 30% of the overall unit mark †¢ Internal and external students undertake the same activities and are assessed the same. ICT248 undergraduate students are assessed differently from ICT548 post-graduate students in Assignment 2 †¢ The submission of a research essay based on the cyber forensic environment. The length of the essay should be: †¢ ICT248 Undergraduate students 3,500 words †¢ ICT548 Postgraduate students 4,500 words 2 Research not a ‘free-range essay’ †¢ You are required to complete and submit a RESEARCHBASED essay describing and discussing the processes AND challenges involved in identifying, recovering, securing, examining, analysing and preparing digital evidence from a crime scene †¢ This covers the theoretical part of the unit and should be based on the lecture/workshop material, this guide, the lecture notes and, most importantly your own research endeavours †¢ In my experience, employers are looking for graduates who possess analytical, research and communication (writing) skills above and beyond the components of the degree 3 The essay MUST contain: †¢ Introduction and table of contents Defining your scope of coverage of the essay †¢ Content – To enhance your grades, you MUST include some description and discussion of the following in your essay: †¢ †¢ †¢ Describe digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics Discuss investigation processes used to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ preserve locate select analyse validate, and present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes †¢ Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypotheses and alternative hypotheses 4 The essay MUST contain: †¢ Conclusion most students overlook and underestimate the conclusion – this is where you summarise the facts described in the body of your essay and add your own conclusions based on what you have read. No new material should be added here. †¢ Grammar and spelling – spell check your drafts – get a friend or relative to proof-read your drafts prior to submission †¢ References that are cited in the essay – use EndNote, if you wish. This is available from the Library, free of charge. Post your draft to Turnitin (see separate instructions) to ensure that you have not inadvertently plagiarised the work of others †¢ Bibliography of other reference material that was used but not cited 5 Essay structure †¢ Use appropriate headings and sub-headings that relate to the chosen topic †¢ The essay should include relevant quotations -properly referenced and examples used to support your discussion within the essay †¢ Please don’t overuse quotations (max 5% of the document and they are not included in the word count) †¢ You will also be assessed on the presentation of your essay, as well as the contents 6 Referencing †¢ The quality and breadth of references used will be taken into account and credit will be given for evidence of wide reading on the topic and use of material from a variety of sources (i. e. , Learning Guide, books, journals, websites, newspapers, etc) †¢ Marks will not be awarded where correct referencing is not used and will also not be awarded where the above instructions are not followed †¢ All assertions by other authors must be correctly referenced. †¢ Please restrict your own comments to observations about the work of authors you are quoting †¢ Your own world view and statements of unsubstantiated facts (that are not referenced) do not earn marks †¢ Please see the Online Resources page on the unit MyLMS homepage. This will provide you with some links to help you with your essay preparation and writing 7 Turnitin †¢ The Research Essay must be fully referenced where the assertions of other authors are being used and must first be submitted to Turnitin before it is submitted to LMS as a completed assignment †¢ The Turnitin account that will have been prepared for you by the Unit Coordinator and available through the Unit LMS site †¢ Late submissions due to delays in submitting assignments through TURNITIN are not grounds for seeking an extension for the assignment. 8 Suggested format of the essay †¢ Essay style may be in report form or an essay – that is your choice †¢ Use of heading and a table of contents makes it easier for you to structure the essay in a logical and cohesive form †¢ It also makes it easier for the reader to navigate your essay and helps prepare the reader for each new major concept that you are introducing. †¢ Refer to the hints and tips on essay writing and referencing that may have already been posted in the MyLMS discussion board. If you are not already making good use of the board by reading the contents, I exhort you to do so †¢ Include a descriptive title – many students do not do this 9 Essay structure †¢ Introduction – an overview of the key issues, concepts, etc. , that you want to share with your reader – some of you may wish to include an abstract †¢ Body of the essay – more details of what you have stated in your introduction – use sub headings – logical flow of information and key and sub-topics – dot points ok, but don’t over use them – quotes should be kept to a minimum and are not included in the word count – extra points awarded for you paraphrasing the work of the authors you quote †¢ Use linking paragraphs to introduce the next topic †¢ Some room for argument in your essay, but restrict this to your opinion of the work of credible authors you include in your essay 10 Reference materials †¢ Referencing – as above – ensure it meets the academic standards of the university. Suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Dean – so take care to avoid it †¢ For an essay of this calibre – I suggest at least 5 quality journal or book articles per topic. †¢ Bibliography to include those references you looked at but did not include as a reference will also enhance your essay’s credibility 11 Searching for materials †¢ Try the new iGoogle feature that incorporates SFX FindIT to enhance your search for quality articles and books on the essay topic: http://wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/mylibrary/tools. html 12 13 Criteria Assignment Structure Max marks 3 Comments Mark awarded Introduction, objectives, scope, logical flow, headings and subheadings Grammar, spelling 4 Correct English usage Coverage of the Topic 15 Coverage, matches scope. Information not appropriately referenced at best gets no marks and at worse may suggest plagiarism. o o o o Analysis, Conclusion and discussion Describe digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics. Discuss examination processes used to: ? preserve ? locate ? select ? analyse ? validate, and ? present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes. Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypotheses and alternative hypotheses. 4 Draws together discussion, highlights implications, etc. Citations 4 Used correctly in-text, provide examples included in references References Quality, breadth, completeness, matches citations, Bibliography. TOTAL MARKS 30 14 15